Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Case Study free essay sample

Voting Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Casting a ballot Systems - Essay Example Majority or larger part framework is the most as often as possible utilized democratic framework. This arrangement of casting a ballot starts things out at the top of the priority list when individuals consider casting a ballot. This framework has been acquired from British and today it is normally utilized in United States, UK and some different nations too. As indicated by this sort of casting a ballot framework the up-and-comer who will assemble either the lion's share or majority of voters will eventually win the political race. The fundamental object of this democratic framework is to speak to the lion's share or majority of voters in a specific region, area or state. This framework can be additionally partitioned into four unique sorts which separate the majority and lion's share arrangement of casting a ballot. The initial two are generally utilized majority arrangement of casting a ballot, while the other two are larger part frameworks. After majority/lion's share framework corresponding portrayal framework is the most utilized democratic framework. This democratic framework is by all accounts the contender of majority/dominant part casting a ballot framework as this framework is getting notoriety and perseveringly being utilized in the vast majority of the European nations. Corresponding portrayal framework gives increasingly precise portrayal of gatherings. The fundamental methodology of relative portrayal framework is to speak to or show multimember region rather than single part locale. The quantity of seats pronounced to be won by a specific gathering in a political race is corresponding to the measure of votes given to that party by the voters. Constituent framework de Constituent framework architects partitioned the relative portrayal framework in three fundamental sorts so as to accomplish progressively precise proportionate aftereffects of casting a ballot. These three sorts of PR casting a ballot framework are as per the following 1. Gathering List. 2. Blended Member Proportional. 3. Single transferable vote. Semi Proportional System Semi relative framework lies somewhere close to majority/lion's share framework and corresponding portrayal framework. Appointive manager built up this kind of casting a ballot framework to take care of the issue of distortion of gatherings emerging from the majority/larger part casting a ballot framework. In this democratic framework up-and-comers run in a multi-part area. Individuals have different votes and decision in favor of individual up-and-comers. The champs are the competitors with the most votes. In this framework votes of voters and the quantity of seats are firmly related. Number of votes of voters relies on the seats accessible. Semi corresponding arrangement of casting a ballot has two sorts which are the varieties of everywhere casting a ballot framework. These two sorts of semi relative framework are as per the following 1. Combined Vote 2. Restricted Vote Majority Voting System Majority framework as clarified before depends on single part voting demographic framework and is utilized in a lion's share of nations. Canada, India, the UK, and the USA are a portion of the prominnent majority rule governments utilizing this arrangement of casting a ballot. There are various favorable circumstances and weaknesses of the diverse democratic frameworks however here we are just breaking down the major advanatages and inconveniences of the majority or larger part framework concerning different frameworks accessible. Advanatges and Disadvantages Simplicty: First idea that strikes a chord about majority

9 Essential Facts About Eating Disorders

9 Essential Facts About Eating Disorders October 29, 2019 Eleonora Ghioldi/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Eating disordersâ€"including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorderâ€"have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness. Despite improved research on the topic, eating disorders are vastly misunderstood by the general population. The persistent myths surrounding eating disorders create barriers to diagnosis and treatment. In May 2015, 13 US-based eating disorder organizations, in collaboration with Cynthia Bulik, Ph.D., FAED, who serves as Distinguished Professor of Eating Disorders in the School of Medicine  at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Professor of Medical  Epidemiology  and Biostatistics at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden, published the “Nine Truths About Eating Disorders.” This document was inspired by Dr. Bulik’s 2014 “9 Eating Disorders Myths Busted” talk at the National Institute of Mental Health Alliance for Research Progress meeting. The Nine Truths document was a historic collaboration and reflects the culmination of some of the most recent research on eating disorders. Because eating disorders are so often misunderstood and carry a great deal of stigma, it is hoped that the common messaging will challenge myths and stigma, increase understanding about and compassion for those with eating disorders, and help pave the way for greater access to adequate treatment. Eating disorder expert Dr. Bulik said, “The single best way to fight stigma is with truths. These consensus ‘Nine Truths’ are the new scaffold on which we will build our advocacy efforts for eating disorders. United around these principles, we can enlighten public understanding about eating disorders and advocate effectively for treatment access and resources.” Eating Disorder Truth 1 Myth # 1: You can tell by looking at someone that they have an eating disorder. Truth #1: Many people with eating disorders look healthy yet may be extremely ill.   People commonly believe that you can tell whether someone has an eating disorder just by looking at him or her. This is because most people picture a person with an eating disorder as someone who is very emaciated. The reality is that eating disorders can present in diverse ways and affect people of varying sizes. It may not be obvious that an individual is ill. Eating Disorder Truth 2 Myth # 2: Families are to blame. Truth #2: Families are not to blame; they can be the patients’ and providers’  best allies in treatment.   For many years, parentsâ€"especially mothersâ€"were blamed for causing eating disorders. This is still widely believed, even today. Thanks to recent research and advocacy efforts, we know this to be false. Eating disorders are caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. We also know families can powerfully contribute to the solution. Eating Disorder Truth 3 Myth # 3: Mothers are to blame. Truth #3: An eating disorder diagnosis is a health crisis that disrupts personal and family functioning.   Dr. Bulik felt the blame on mothers was so great, she reiterated it as a myth in her talk. Eating disorders can be lethal. They have profound effects on the body, interfering with an individual’s ability to function. They increase stress for the entire family. Meals can become tense, relationships strained, and family patterns disrupted as families struggle to cope with an internal crisis Eating Disorder Truth 4 Myth # 4: Eating disorders are a choice. Truth #4: Eating disorders are not choices, but serious biologically influenced illnesses.   Eating disorders are often dismissed as illnesses of choice and vanity, or the consequence of a deliberate adoption of an extreme diet. However, these disorders have far more complex origins. They are not merely a rigid diet that someone can easily choose to abandon. Low weight and restrictive eating patterns biologically alter an individual’s psychological functioning and become firmly rooted. Eating Disorder Truth 5 Myth # 5: Eating disorders are the province of white upper-middle-class teenage girls. Truth #5: Eating disorders affect people of all genders, ages, races, ethnicities, body shapes and weights, sexual orientations, and socioeconomic statuses.   Eating disorders are commonly believed to be an affliction of affluent white females. This is far from the truth. Eating disorders affect males and females, families from different ethnic backgrounds, and people from varied economic circumstances. This dangerous myth keeps many who do not meet the stereotype from recognizing that they have an eating disorder and accessing help. Eating Disorder Truth 6 Myth # 6: Eating disorders are benign. Truth #6: Eating disorders carry an increased risk of both suicide and medical complications.   All eating disordersâ€"bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder includedâ€"carry with them an increased risk of death. Medical complications may include problems with all bodily systems. Suicide is a common cause of death for a person suffering from an eating disorder. Eating Disorder Truth 7 Myth # 7: Society alone is to blame. Truth #7: Genes and environment play important roles in the development of eating disorders.   The factors that cause eating disorders are complex and not well understood. Current research suggests that approximately 40 to 60% of the risk for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder is genetically influenced. Chance and bad luck play a role, and individuals vary in their genetic risk. Even despite every common preventative measure, those with extremely high genetic risks may go on to develop an eating disorder after just one or two otherwise innocuous triggering events. Others with low genetic risk may escape an eating disorder despite exposure to numerous environmental risk factors. Eating Disorder Truth 8 Myth # 8: Genes are destiny. Truth #8: Genes alone do not predict who will develop eating disorders.   It is doubtful there is a single eating disorder gene. More likely, variations in several genes contribute in differing degrees to traits that interact with environmental factors to increase or decrease certain individuals’ risk for these disorders. Why Do Some People Get Eating Disorders? Eating Disorder Truth 9 Myth # 9: Eating disorders are for life. Truth #9. Full recovery from an eating disorder is possible. Early detection and intervention are important. In the past, we lacked effective treatments and many remained chronically ill. With the earlier introduction of treatments that prioritize regulation of eating and address symptoms directly, more patients are achieving full recovery. Translations and Collaborating Organizations The Nine Truths have been translated into over thirty different languages including Spanish, Norwegian, Estonian, German, Swedish, and Finnish.  All are available on the  AED website.   The organizations that collaborated on the Nine Truths are:  Academy for Eating Disorders; Binge Eating Disorder Association; Eating Disorders Coalition for Research, Policy Action; Eating Disorder Parent Support Group; Families Empowered and Supporting Treatment of Eating Disorders; International Association of Eating Disorders Professionals Foundation; International Eating Disorder Action; Multi-Service Eating Disorders Association; National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders; National Eating Disorders Association, Residential Eating Disorders Consortium; Project HEAL; and Trans Folx Fighting Eating Disorders. The Different Causes of Eating Disorders 9 Essential Facts About Eating Disorders

Essay about Spanish Resistance to Napoleon - 1703 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Napoleon and the Spanish Resistance nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout time, the military has been considered one of the key features in a civilization. It has been considered the heart and soul of many countries and empires and has been the center of many cultures. Throughout history we have seen many military leaders and military powers. We have seen military techniques and technology change as we progress. Our schools are filled with legends of great war heroes and hard-fought battles. One such hero is Napoleon Bonaparte, perhaps one of the greatest generals who ever lived. In his adventures and conquest, as general of the French army, he warred against many lands. These included Spain, in which†¦show more content†¦Some guerillas will even use crowds to conceal themselves, called urban guerillas. Urban guerillas have to rely heavily on support from the citizens. Guerilla warfare basically relies on one standard. The element of surprise. Often, guerillas will not be in uniform and carry just a concealed we apon. By doing this it helps the guerillas startle the enemy and catch them off guard, giving them the clear cut advantage. Also, the enemy is always in a state of fear, never knowing when or where these guerillas could pop out and attack. They are constantly on watch and they tire easily. By using guerilla warfare, forces are able to lower they’re casualties while increasing their opponents, even if they are winning â€Å"cheap.† Because they often time use â€Å"cowardly† tactics, guerillas are usually considered â€Å"terrorists† by their opponents. Sometimes however, this can be true. Guerillas in some cases have used propaganda, or started revolts to win over their cause. Instead of trying to defeat their enemy, they try to create chaos, hoping to drive their enemy out. Massive riots and sabotage are not at all uncommon in guerilla wars. All in all, guerilla warfare is the use of unconventional war tactics used against enemies that follow these conve ntional â€Å"laws.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Now that we have cleared that up, lets move to the actual events that took place. Spanish resistance was mainly part of the Peninsular War, or as some call it, Napoleon’sShow MoreRelatedNapoleon Bonapartes Biography Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769, in his island homeland of Corsica. Napoleon was the second son of Carlo and Letizia. Corsica and France were at war. France had easily crushed the Corsican resistance, and taken over Corsica. So when Napoleon was born, he was considered a citizen of France. When Napoleon was nine years old and it was time for his schooling, he was sent to a school in Autun, France. At the school he was teased and tormented for being from Corsica, but he was determinedRead Moredomestic and foreign policies of Napoleon Bonaparte1431 Words   |  6 Pagesdown and going against the kings orders. They ended up killing the king and queen, and that is when Napoleon Bonaparte eventuall y came into the picture as a new leader after assassinating Maximilien Robespierre. In 1797, by the help of Pope Pius VII, Napoleon Bonaparte became first consul after overthrowing the Directory and establishing the Consulate. During his time as a leader of France, Napoleon appeared in some respects to be an enlightened ruler like his Civil Code, him ending feudalism, centralizingRead MoreCinco de Mayo, also known as the Anniversary of the Battle of Puebla, is a national holiday in600 Words   |  3 Pages Cinco de Mayo, also known as the Anniversary of the Battle of Puebla, is a national holiday in Mexico that commemorates the 1862 Mexican victory over the French forces of Napoleon III in Puebla, Mexico. This holiday, celebrated on the fifth of May, has deep roots in Mexican culture, but in American-Mexican culture as well. Cinco de Mayo serves as a proud reminder of an unlikely victory, as well as a day to express and cherish Mexican pride and heritage. After suffering from numerous wars,Read MoreNationalism and War Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesthan the revolution itself. Napoleon set out in 1799 to conquer Europe in hopes to rule an Empire just as Charlemagne and Alexander the Great did. He set out to accomplish this by over-throwing the Directory and installing a government called the Consulate. In time, he increased his power to a point where he was in total control and appointing himself the Emperor of France. Many of the wars during this time led to nationalistic feelings in the countries that Napoleon had conquered. This became visibleRead MoreEssay on The Rise of Simà ³n Bolà ­var to Power in Venezuela546 Words   |  3 PagesToro y Alaysa in 1803, who later died of yellow fever during a visit to Venezuela. When Joseph Bonaparte was named king of Spain in 1807 by Napoleon, Bolà ­var joined the resistance movement, but upon seeing the example set by the Spanish patriots decided to export this new brand of nationalism to his native Venezuela. Upon returning he joined the resistance group based in Caracas and as a member of said group was part of Venezuela’s declaration of independence in 1810; later Bolà ­var traveled to BritainRead MoreThe Impacts Of The American Revolution And The French Revolution825 Words   |  4 Pagesof these revolutions and new ideas to its fullest accuracy. From the likes of the French Revolution with famous document The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and Toussaint L’Ouverture’s Letter to the Directors of France to the famous Spanish Revolution Document Address to the Congress of Angostura by Simon Bolivar, the documents provide different perspectives on how each revolution had the largest impact on their respective territori es. The French Revolution, from 1789-1799, was fullRead MoreEssay on The Three Different French Empires1436 Words   |  6 PagesSubsequently, one can distinct the empire as created by Napoleon I as a second empire which lasted from 1804 to 1814 (and a brief restoration in 1805), which was the first to be actually named an empire, and finally the second French empire, founded by Napoleons nephew Napoleon III which lasted from if 1851 to 1948. This paper draws a comparison between the French empire during the time of the ancià ©n and regime and the French empire led by Napoleon I to show that both empires should be seen as beingRead MoreThe Peninsular War ( 1807-1814 )1921 Words   |  8 Pagesstarted when the French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807, and escalated in 1808 when France turned on Spain, its only ally at the time. The war on the peninsula would last until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814. This would be regarded as one of the first war s of national liberation, significant because of the emergence of guerrilla warfare. The Peninsular War, would also overlaps with what the Spanish-speaking world calls the (Spanish War of Independence), whichRead MoreSpain: Then and Now Essay783 Words   |  4 Pageswas diminished. The Spanish Empire had sapped Spains strength rather than fostering it. The court and government had weakened in quarrel and corruption. The church once the adhesive of Spain was exhausted from the never-ending power struggle with the government. The worst defeat was suffered at the hands of the French under Napoleon Bonaparte, which ended with the loss of the throne and the humiliation of foreign occupation. In 1814 Wellington and Spanish resistance forces finally freedRead MoreHow Far Does Luck Explain the Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte?3147 Words   |  13 PagesHow far does luck explain the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte? Napoleon Bonaparte like many others rose to prominence during the turbulent times of the French revolution- he was therefore lucky to have been born at such a time in to justify his advancing position. However his reputation as a skilled tactician and strategist enabled him to initially capitalize on the reforms of the French Revolution to improve the lives of French citizens. Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as an important figure for re-establishing

Romeo and Juliet Character Analysis - Mercutio - 1427 Words

Shakespeare has no doubt created some of the most dynamic and interesting characters in written history, and in Romeo and Juliet there were several memorable ones. Aside from the hero and heroine, the voluble and witty Mercutio is as memorable a character as is found in all of Shakespeares plays. He acts as a significant character in terms of plot advancement; but more importantly, Mercutio himself is a fascinating man in many aspects. Mercutio is not part of the Montague family, he is however a friend of Romeos and related to the Prince of Verona. One would think this puts him relatively outside the family feud, but we learn that Mercutio is only all to willing to play along with this adversary, and ultimately his quick and volatile†¦show more content†¦In our first encounter with Mercutio he was talking with Romeo, and we can clearly see some of Mercutios remarks are personal to Romeo and is trying to get at something. Mercutio then launches into his famous Queen Mab speech which obviously unsettles Romeo. Despite their slight argument we can see that the two get along exceptionally well. There is evidence to show that Mercutio values his friendship with Romeo a lot. Even though on the outside he might not show it, his subtle words and actions points out that he cares for Romeos wellbeing and wishes the best for his friend. This can be seen when Mercutio remarked that Romeo is back to his old self. Although Mercutio was unaware of Romeos secret marriage to Juliet, he noticed the change in his mood just from his behaviour. Mercutio may be a jester who mocks and taunts however there must be another side to him, perhaps a gentle one that we have yet to see but sadly never will. Mercutios death is the turning point in Romeo and Juliet, sparking the final events of tragic sequences. It is clear that Mercutio is not put out of the way by Shakespeare for any other reason than the fact that his death generates the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Although immediately after, the tragedy does not unfold with mathematic precision, there is no doubt that Mercutios death was the trigger. With this in mind, one might be tempted to ask what might happen had Mercutio notShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet Essay examples528 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet In William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, each character plays a specific role in driving the action forward and shaping the plays theme. One secondary character, Mercutio, is essential to the play. Mercutio is the Princes kinsman, but more importantly, he is Romeos friend and confidant. Mercutios concern is always for Romeo and for peace between the two families, the Capulets and the Montagues. Mercutio is the firstRead MoreMercutio - a Monodimensional and Static Character in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet?1718 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss Mercutio in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in terms of character dimension, character development and his relation to major themes of the play. When looking at the content of characters in Shakespeare’s play „Romeo and Julietâ€Å" one can find a total of 21 people that are mentioned by name. While it is self-evident that characters such as Romeo and Juliet are essential to the play due to the fact that they form its title, a reader could ask what role the others might play in a literary contextRead MoreAnalysis of Act Three Scene 1 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet979 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Act Three Scene 1 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a play filled with love, fate, rivalry and tragedy. I am going to be analysing act 3, scene 1, concentrating on how Shakespeare makes this scene dramatic and how it is pivotal in terms of the plays key themes and events. Prior to this scene we have witnessed the rivalry between the two leading families, Capulet and Montague and the hostility they hold towards one another. RomeoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1306 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific structure. In a tragedy, heroic characters often give in to their various flaws and end up dying as a consequence, resulting in an outpouring of grief from the audience. Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is often cited as a prominent example of the tragical genre, with Romeo’s crime of passion against Tybalt resulting in the complication of his relationship with Juliet, and ultimately, the duo’s demise. However, despite its status, Romeo and Juliet contains a number of elements that lend themselvesRead MoreAre Humans Consciously Making All Of Their Own Decisions,1312 Words   |  6 Pagesdecisions, or is there a deciding factor? In the play Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, there are two feuding families, the Montagues, and the Capulets. The children of the two families fall in love and the play is the based on their story. Tragic event s happen throughout the play based on the previous actions. In the play Romeo and Juliet, fate is the cause of all the tragic events as seen through the attitude of the characters, the fight scene, and the graveyard scene. Over timeRead MoreThe Tragic Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare1721 Words   |  7 Pagesmany acts of much kindness. Many people took advantage of it though which was a bad decision. Many characters in the play had at least one unexplained kind activity, that led to the death of the two young lovers. An analysis of the play will make it clear that misguided kindness caused the disastrous tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. In the opening scene in the tragic play, the author presented a character who acts in a kind but misguided way. The play opens with the Capulets and Montagues having a streetRead MoreAn Analysis of the Dramatic Qualities of Act 3 Scene 1 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1728 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of the Dramatic Qualities of Act 3 Scene 1 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Act 3 scene 1 is very effective because of where it is placed in the play. We have just ended on a happy note in Act 2. Friar Laurence wanted to unite the Montagues and the Capulets. So we have a scene full of love and joy, the wedding between Romeo and Juliet. This is a great contrast as what comes in the next scene is quite the opposite. Everything that has been beforeRead MoreThe Adaption of William Shakespeare ´s Romeo and Juliet1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe Adaptation of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, written by Shakespeare, is a world-known tragedy. Torn between two enemy households, Romeo and Juliet try to keep their love alive. The passionate story of their love has been adapted into several movies. While each movie has its own charm, Baz Luhrmann’s modern adaptation has its noteworthy features that dissociate it from Franco Zeffirelli’s adaptation. By staying true to the story, the characters, and the creativity he uses, Luhrmann takesRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Character Analysis747 Words   |  3 PagesWhile secondary characters are undersized compared to the main characters of the play, they often have an eminent impact on the story. In William Shakespeare’s famous tragedy Romeo and Juliet, certain secondary characters influence the decisions made by the two lovers and avail to establish the play’s tragic outcome. This will be conveyed through a detailed analysis of Tybalt, Capulet and Friar Lawrence. Although admirable qualities add to ones life, they can often lead to their death. In ShakespearesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1936 Words   |  8 PagesThough the play is titled Romeo and Juliet, the character Mercutio who is witty, crude and knavish steals the show up until the moment of his death despite a limited role. This sentiment is due in large part to Mercutio’s direct contrast to Romeo, a character known for emotional turmoil along with stale and somewhat ridiculous Petrarchan proclamations of love. All of these factors allow Romeo’s closest friend to also be portrayed as the foil. Mercutio plays this role through comparing the high class

Law and Language Free Essays

string(97) " and unless one doesn’t have the knowledge of the legal jargon used, they can`t comprehend it\." One can`t deny that the interplay between our daily lives and law is pivotal to our existence. Even when we are breathing, Article 21 of our constitution protects us. When we buy some product from a shop, taxes imposed under various laws play a role in determining the cost of that product. We will write a custom essay sample on Law and Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are just few of the various examples that we encounter in our daily life which exhibit the role of law in our everyday lives. But to know what the law is and to understand it, so that we can act accordingly, one needs to have some command over the language. Even in common law countries where we witness unwritten laws, precedents have cardinal place. And to use those precedents appropriately we need to understand the judgments. Also, judges need to use the right words at the right time to convey the real purpose of the precedent. Law and language are inter-related for even language operates on certain laws. We have various rules and laws of grammar, which if broken, would take away the essence of the language. I always had a few questions regarding this topic lingering in my mind. Why is legal language so complicated? How do lawyers twist it according to their advantage? How easy judges find it to interpret the legal jargon? Is there even a need for legalese? How has the language, the law is written in, affected the awareness among people? There are more questions that I await an answer for and this project has given me a great opportunity to look for those answers THE INTERVIEW For the same purpose I interviewed Sri V. Srinivasa Sivaram, Administrative Officer, Andhra Pradesh State Legal Services Authority. â€Å"The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has been constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to provide free Legal Services to the weaker sections of the society and to organize Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes. In every State, State Legal Services Authority has been constituted to give effect to the policies and directions of the NALSA and to give free legal services to the people and conduct Lok Adalats in the State.. † With his experience and connect to the local people, I felt he would be able to answers my questions. I thank him for giving his valuable time for me. Here is an excerpt of the interview Q. Sir, you are associated with Andhra Pradesh Legal Services Authority, and many financially distressed people who can’t afford a lawyer approach you for help. What level of legal awareness do you find amongst these people about their rights and duties especially when the laws and statutes are written in English? A. Since I`m working with the legal service authority for past some time, one thing that I find is that people don’t come to us because they have some right or a duty. They come to us because they have a problem. It may be related to law or may not be related to law. 90% of the times, we have to find out what the law is with respect to their problem. The people approaching us are not aware if a law can help them and if so, which law. They are aware that if they have a problem and they are approaching legal service authority, then we will help them. Many a times I have spoken to people and asked them â€Å"How did you come to know of legal service? † The most common reply is sir, we have been told or we heard it on TV or Radio. After they approach us, we have to find the remedy for them and most importantly look if that remedy is within the four corners of law. They are not aware of the law in that respect. They just have a problem in hand and they come to us, looking for remedy, and asking whether law can help them or not. Q. For many disputes, the local people first approach the district court and then may appeal in higher courts. Do the district courts work in the local language or in English? What is your opinion regarding this. A. With respect to this question, I would like to tell you that both local languages and English are used. If a person is illiterate or he doesn’t understand English well, especially when you have to conduct a trial, when you ask during chief examination or during cross examination, the local language is the best thing Q. Do the courts give the judgment i. e. s the written judgment in regional language or is the usage of regional language restricted for oral purposes only? A. For the time being, it is totally in English. But the judges are not stopped from using the regional language. For example, one of friends has given a couple of judgments in Telugu also. But doing so is very difficult. The hindrances that they encounter are numerous. When they have to rewrite a c ase law or quote a case from Supreme Court it becomes virtually very difficult to quote it in Telugu.. We also have latin maxims that would be adding to this difficulty. You are right. We cannot quote them in regional language. We may not pass on the meaning properly. If you quote Evidence Act in Hindi or Telugu, I tell you, it will be a nightmare! Although we are very proficient in Hindi and Telugu, on trying to do so, we couldn’t succeed. Try converting a judgment by Hon`ble Judge Krishna Iyer into your local language or Telugu, it will be a disaster! Even people who are conversant in English find it difficult to understand his judgment. The language is highly complex, full with rhetoric. Many Supreme Court judgments are in such a way that a common man can`t understand it. This also applies to people who are well familiar with English. Until and unless one doesn’t have the knowledge of the legal jargon used, they can`t comprehend it. You read "Law and Language" in category "Law" Q. The laws are basically for the people. But with the complicated language they are written in, a person finds it very difficult to read through them. Do you think there is a need to simplify legal language? A. It is high time that the legal language is simplified. One thing that we see is, for a simple word example may or shall, battles are fought in court. The Supreme Court may end up saying ‘may’ is not ‘may’, it is ‘shall’ and ‘shall’ is ‘may’! Because the interpretation of such basic words takes place in different ways, a common man can`t understand it. Yes Sir, I do remember a case ‘State Of Madhya Pradesh vs Azad Bharat Finance Co’. Here under an Act, although the District court interpreted the use of word ‘shall’ as obligatory, the Supreme Court interpreted it as â€Å" The word ‘shall’ is not always mandatory; it depends upon the context in which the word occurs and the other circumstances. † Yes. We have many other examples. Few years back when a question arose if a written statement has to be filed within 90 days of the amended CPC, it was said that NO although the word used is shall. If this is the fate of the people who know law, then imagine the plight of the common man. Q. I agree with you sir. But if the legal language is simplified, doesn’t it leaves some loopholes that maybe misused by many? A. Look, even now it is happening. You write one line and the lawyers are bound to pick up loop holes in that one line also. This is so, because we have been taught to do that! Every lawyer tries to use the words according to his own convenience and the benefit of his client. Q. What approach do you adopt while interpretation of any law. Is it a positivist approach strictly based on the language and the words used or you try to look into the history and spirit of the law? A. I prefer to go by the spirit of the law. We don’t have access to the constitutional debates. In lower courts, when we have to go about finding what is the meaning and the spirit of the law, unless you see the original framework of the law, you don’t know why it was written. I do remember the case of ‘Baljeet Singh vs Election Commission Of India And .. ’ Here the petitioner argued that a member of parliament takes an oath to ‘make and subscribe’ to the constitution of India. Hence the interpretation is that each and every legislator must be literate to understand the India`s constitution. The Supreme Court referred back to the constitutional assembly debate and concluded that literacy was never meant to be an extra qualification to be a member of parliament. The purpose behind such an oath was to promote national unity and not to make literacy a pre-requisite condition. Yes. Sometimes if you don’t know the intention behind a law, you can`t come to any particular conclusion about its meaning. If you have access, well and good but many lower courts don’t have access to constitutional debates. An Act or statute may give you two or three lines about its purpose, but if you want to go further you don’t have access to that thing. So, if there is a conflict you will interpret it in a manner as you feel proper. But certain situations demand interpretation using the strict language rule. This has been played by the higher courts in many ways! And since we say that Supreme Court judgment is the law of the land, we are bound to end up in confusion. Let me put forth one example. A question arose whether a company can be prosecuted or not for criminal actions. The punishment prescribed includes both fine and imprisonment. One interpretation was that since a company is not a real person and you can`t throw it in jail, hence only a fine will be imposed. But the Supreme Court said that since you can`t put the company in jail, you can`t inflict the punishment prescribed in the act, hence the ntire proceeding were quashed. Subsequently, after few months another judgment came, in which another company, I`m not sure but maybe Standard Chartered Bank, relying on the earlier judgment, pleaded for the quashing of the procedures. But this time, it was held that although we can`t put you in jail; you are liable to pay the fine. Another important issue is the way a common man interprets a law is very different. Let me put to you an exampl e I came across. In rural areas, when I spoke to some people, they are aware that there is a law that deals with harassment. But for them, harassment is any kind of harassment. A woman claimed since her husband drinks and doesn’t contribute much for the family, he is harassing me. Technically, you can`t stop a person from drinking. They hold very different perception of the same law. Some lawyers take them for a ride. When such women approach them, they suggest filling a suit under sec498 which deals with dowry harassment! This obviously leads to exploitation as they mint money in spite of knowing that no remedy lies in law. Q. Sir, this situation is dangerous. People may develop wrong perceptions that law can`t help them and may lose faith in the system. Doesn’t it demand spreading awareness among people. A. You are right. We do take measures to spread some awareness. For example, we have a regular programme on etv in which a judge tries to answer the queries of the people and explain the remedy to them. I came across a group of LGBT. Although they came from a village, they were well aware about sec 377 and were speaking on how it is unconstitutional. Then they told me how a sensitization programme was carried out by an NGO in Telugu. So, laws aren’t that difficult to understand, if explained properly Q,CLAT[common law admission test] for admission to the National Law schools is conducted in English. Do you think, the exam should be conducted in other regional languages to increase diversity and access? A. You should answer this question better!. Well the entire situation can be summed up in one or two lines. Whether the legal education should be in local language or English? No doubt, the language may act as a barrier. But in a country having about 28 states with different languages, if the Supreme Court has to read from Gujurati to Malayalam, then it would be a nightmare for everybody. The statutes and legislations are in English. An exact translation in any other language is not possible. The exact meaning may be lost. We can`t avoid English. Now, we have got used to a procedure where we use both regional language and English. The legislations are in English, debates, judgments all are in English. As I said, we can`t have literal translation of each and every word. Thus, my point is legal education has to take place in English. But at the same time, I don’t deny that regional language would prove to be beneficial, but practically, you need legal education in English medium. Q. Finally, how do you as a judge, view the connection between law and language? Do you think the efficiency of a judge or advocate would be affected due to lack of knowledge in a particular language? A. I have come across many people who can put forth extremely strong arguments in regional language. But they would have become better lawyers had they been proficient in English. But you will see, many a times being good in English won`t help you if you don’t have a command over the regional language too. When a client approaches with any problem, you should be able enough to connect with them, so that they can openly discuss the issues at hand with them. You can explain the law to them in their language so that they understand better and discuss the appropriate remedy. Many a times, if you want to cross-examine a witness you need to do that in his local language. If the poor guy is not well versed in English, then he may say something with some different meaning, which obviously you see would land him in trouble. Now-a-days we have technological tools in the Internet that help us to translate. That day I wanted to read an article on mediation which was in a language, I wasn’t familiar with. This translation tool helped me to translate it in English and the contents too were satisfactory. So in the contemporary times, with internet you can remove a lot of disadvantages. CONCLUSION The interview was a interesting one for it helped me broaden my horizons on the general public conceptions of law. Sri V. Srinivasa Sivaram rightly pointed out to me the problems that plagued the system, which never came to my notice before. But since this project is about the relation of law and language, I would like to narrow down on that issue. Most of his answers were convincing. English can`t be entirely avoided. With the diversity in languages that we have, what a statute may mean in one language, would mean something else in the other as literal translation is not possible every time. But this doesn’t mean neglecting regional languages. They need to work side-by-side which evidently is witnessed esp. in the working of lower courts. This is so because it is obviously beneficial for public good. All Laws are made for a reason and purpose. They sometimes seek to repair a defect prevalent in the system. So, the courts should move beyond the interplay of words. Legal jargon or legalese needs to be simplified. I would like to quote Mr. Sivaram on this issue. He aptly illustrates why legalese should be restricted. â€Å"One maybe proficient in English, but if they are told to read Physics or Chemistry, then they wont be able to. Law is for the people. It governs and regulates the action and life of the people. Thus, it should be in a way that people can ordinarily understand. How to cite Law and Language, Essays

The Lost Soul Essays - Rhyme, Rhyme Scheme, W. H. Auden,

The Lost Soul The subject of W.H. Audens ?Unknown Citizen? not only has to do with one particular mans life, but could apply to the life of just about anyone. The theme of the poem is that the man being discussed in this section , is an all round normal guy. Many of his attributes resemble the typical person. W.H. Auden enriches this poem not only by having an implicit theme but through the use of such elements of poetry such as, rhyme, speaker, setting, and situation. This poem was written in the mid 1900's. This selection was inscribed on a marble monument, which was erected by the state. This suggests that the speaker is the people of the state. Therefore, the speaker is addressing the reader of the monument. It is a story about a man who was best described as a saint. He served his community to the best of his ability during those years. ? When there was peace, he was for peace; when there was war he went ( 939).? He was a typical American man who worked for the same company until the day he retired. He was married and brought five children into the world. By having an insurance plan, a phonograph, radio, car and a refrigerator he was said to have everything necessary to the modern man. During that particular time it was said that this was the average way of life. Which in turn, made this man all the more common. The elements that the poem uses such as rhyme, speaker, setting, and situation make the poem all the more interesting. It not only takes one reading of the poem to understand it's depth but two or three. I personally found that when I read it aloud it seemed to take on a lot more meaning. In this poem W.H. Auden makes good use of the rhyme scheme. Almost every other line rhymes with the one right before it. By doing this it gives the poem some what of a rhythm. Having rhyme and rhythm in a poem definitely makes it more amusing to read. The setting described in the poem is important. Because in the mid 1900's Americans had just ended the war and people were starting to get back on their feet. By having this poem inscribed on a monument it stood for all the ?Unknown Citizens? that had put forth an effort to help their country. Similar to the monument known as ?The Unknown Solider.? This inscription gave credit where credit was due. The monument was there for all the people of the state to read. In conclusion, the last line says it all, ?Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd: Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard (939).? The meaning of this line represents the fact that we do not know if this man was free or happy. But he lived a life that was the traditional American way. What if he had done some unjustified thing in his life, he would definitely not be remembered on a marble monument. And he most likely would not have been be considered to be a saint. English Essays