Comunity College versus University - 592 Words

One of the biggest decisions a student has to make is deciding the college they should choose, a university or a community college? At the end of their high school years, a student must decide what college would be best for them. If they are fortunate enough not to have to go to work and wait to go to college, then they must make a decision. There are many advantages and benefits of attending a community college. Students should carefully weigh the advantages of each college, as there are many pros and cons of both. As both of them provide a number of choices, it makes a students decision very exhausting whether a community college or university best fits them. As there are many advantages attending a community college, tuition is a big factor, as it is only a fraction of that at a university which makes it much better to choose a community college to begin your college career. Community college classes focus on putting knowledge into practice. A community college usually has intimat e learning environments which would help students. Teachers at these colleges usually are able to connect with students because of the smaller classes. It is so important to have small classes, as it helps the students adjust from high school into college and also gives them the opportunity to connect with the teachers. A community college can be easier to get accepted into, and it also gives one the opportunity to raise their GPA while attending. Community colleges cost a fraction of what a

Essay about Character Analysis of Catherine Barkley

During World War I, it was the accepted social norm that women belonged in the kitchen. They took the back seat to men, specializing in cooking and cleaning. They were the caretaker of the home and the raiser of the children. Catherine Barkley is an impeccable example of this social norm in Ernest Hemingways, A Farewell to Arms. Her submissive nature is key to the existence of the story. So important, in fact, that the story may not be at all possible without it. She submits to Lieutenant Henrys flirtatious passes immediately, triggering their romantic relationship before he injures his leg. She also totally dedicates herself to preserving the well being of Henry. Her behavior in both of these circumstances is typical for a woman†¦show more content†¦She doesnt hesitate to comply with his every desire, including having sex whenever he desires, it would seem. Again, she conforms to the norms of the era she lives in. She sees it as her duty to care for the man and ke ep him happy. The point of the Milan portion of the story is the maturing of the relationship between Catherine and Henry. However, instead of the maturation of the relationship, we simply see Henrys feelings mature. Catherine is steady and committed until the end. Its another good example of Hemingway using Catherine as a tool to keep the reader focused on Henry. Henrys domination of the relationship is highlighted towards the end of the book when the couple resides in the mountains of Switzerland. Catherine suggests that they make love, but Henry remarks rather indifferently that he would rather play chess. His emotionless regard of Catherine is another way Hemingway draws attention away from her and focuses on Henry. Her needs arent as important as his and he makes it clear. Catherine, being the typical pleasing woman of her generation, submits to his decision and goes about her business. In A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway uses Catherine as a tool to speed up the plot, dra w attention to Henrys thoughts and emotions, and calibrate the story with his style of writing. Her submissive and pleasure demeanor, typical of women in her era, make this possible. Her simple and acceptingShow MoreRelatedA Farewell To Arms Character Analysis2009 Words   |  9 Pagescourse of the novel goes through meaningful character changes to become more open, conscientious, agreeable, extraverted, and neurotypical. The catalyst for development in Henry’s character in A Farewell To Arms is his intimate bond with Catherine. In A Farewell To Arms, the least nuanced evidence for Henry being changed as a result of his relationship with Catherine can be found in his dynamic characterization. At the novel s exposition, Henry’s character is established through the potent characterizationRead MorePsychoanalytic and Femisnist Theories in A Farewall to Arms by Ernst Hemingway2059 Words   |  9 Pagesambulance driver working for the Italian Army and being wounded on the front. Another very important character in the novel was Catherine Barkley, the nurse taking care of Frederic while he was in the hospital in Milan. They soon becomed involved in a romantic relationship. This paper will focus on the Psychoanalytic and Feminist theories helping to understand the basic meaning of the novel and characters’ roles in the plot, characterized by the continuous interaction with each other and specific conflictsRead MoreThe Role Of Fascism, And Background Of Ernest Hemingway2736 Words   |  11 Pagesalso took away distraction from the other soldiers. In that seeing the wounded the fighting soldiers might back out. Drivers were just as at risk to get hit as the soldiers were if not even more. Reading through the novel Fredrick Henry the main character of the story and also the ambulance driver was shot at and wounded by artillery fire while trying to retrieve a solider in the field. This part in the novel being similar to the incident that happened to Hemingway while doing his duties in war. Read MoreThemes of Love and War in A Farewell to Arms2028 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom the perspective of Fredric Henry, an ambulance driver in the Italian army, and pertains to his experiences in the war. The novel also highlights the passionate relationship between Henry and Catherine Barkley, a British nurse in Italy. Henry’s insight into the war and his intense love for Catherine emphasize that love and war are the predominant themes in the novel and these themes contribute to bringing o ut the implicit and explicit meaning of the novel. Being a part of the Italian army, HenryRead MoreEssay about The Irrelevant God in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms2818 Words   |  12 Pagesechoed in the next chapter, which concerns Henrys first meeting with Catherine Barkley. The closeness of these two incidents suggests a necessary comparison between the priests lofty idealism and Rinaldis secular realism, here symbolized by the latters pursuit of women. It is interesting that Rinaldi is first interested in Miss Barkley; Henrys pursuit seems to happen therefore almost in emulation of Rinaldi, taking on the character of a revolt against religion. Here, as previously with the AbruzziRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 PagesThe authors’ responses to Johnson’s criticisms appear in William and Mary Quarterly 59 (January 2002) wherein Edward A. Pearson’s â€Å"Trials and Errors: Denmark Vesey and His Historians,† acknowledges errors in the transcriptions but defends the analysis. The dispute remains unresolved, but it is clear that slave conspiracies or rumors thereof brought deadly results for 10 ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ many persons involved or accused of involvement. Abolition of slavery North American slavery was never without

Mass Incarceration in the United Kingdom Free Essays

our site – SOCIAL SCIENCE DISSERTATION – CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING Introduction The United Kingdom has recently witnessed an increase in the number of prisoners incarcerated. The first surge occurred during Prime Minister Thatcher’s reign. Running a prison became a business, when the first privately run institution opened in the United Kingdom, in 1992 (Panchamia 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Incarceration in the United Kingdom or any similar topic only for you Order Now The increased need for spaces due to higher rate of imprisonment led to the emergence of the prison-industrial complex, whereby people were incarcerated without a mechanism for reintegrating them back to the society. Prisons became contracted out, and the influence of the government was reduced. As Panchamia (2012) concludes, ten percent of the prisons in the United Kingdom and Wales are currently contracted out. Davis (1998: 3) states: â€Å"while government-run prisons are often in gross violation of international human rights standards, private prisons are even less accountable†. The emergence of these prison-industrial complexes is attributed to the criminological theory, hinged on the conflict theory, arguing that t there is a struggle between different groups (Akers 1979: 527).Crime is perceived as a function of the conflict within any society based on Marxist theory, calmingthat social and economic situations facilitate criminal activities. This paper argues that the emergence of the prison-industrial complex in England and Wales was attributed to mass incarceration, the lack of effective social policy, and early interventions. Mass Incarceration Mass incarceration is characterized by the removal of people from communities and taking them to prisons. (Newburn 2002: 165). Sparks and McNeill (2009) define mass incarceration as restricting the freedom of a group of people, subjecting them to surveillance and regulation, while increasing their dependency. According to a recent publication by Wacquant (2001), the plain aim of prison complexes and mass incarceration is to segregate people. The author goes further, and compares prisons with Ghettos. Focusing in the American context, the article highlights the impact of class segregation on the demographics of prison population. The above argument is powerful, as both prisons and ghettos are considered to be places extremely hard to escape from. The main aim of mass incarceration is to remove the criminal from the neighbourhood to ensure that they are detained. Often this priority means that prisoners are denied rehabilitative facilities (Harnett 2011: 7). As an implication, pris ons become areas for punitive segregation, for the criminals who must be removed from the society. Therefore, most of these prisons are detention centres where people enter a perpetual cycle of incarceration for crimes committed because of their economic need. Davis (1998) states that prisons are not providing adequate solution for crime or social issues. The author goes further, claiming that prisons reflect that racial bias and social injustice of the society. Studying American prison population, the author states that â€Å"the political economy of prisons relies on racialized assumptions of criminality – such as images of black welfare mothers reproducing criminal children – and on racist practices in arrest, conviction, and sentencing patterns† (Davis 1998: 2). The defining features of mass incarceration are that it is characterized by comparatively high number of people in prisons. In Reagan’s United States prosecution patterns and conviction rates increased the proportionate representation of African Americans and Hispanics, as well as those from lower socio-economic statuses (Wacquant 2010, p. 74). This was during the New Deal and Great Society, which contributed a lot towards the increasing trend of mass incarcerations, and the adoption of the prison-industrial complex system that emphasized governance through punitive acts (Downes 2001, p. 62). At the advent of economic reforms introduced by Britain’s Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, the rising rate of unemployment hit the working class the most. With the labour market in crisis,urban areas had to bear the burden of the high proportion of lower class and unemployed population. As social issues increased, the government resorted to the creation of a prison-industrial complex, to deal with the people that suffered most (Wehr 2015, p. 6). The newly created prison-industrial complex that emphasized mass incarceration was based on cultural bias and social injustice (Sparks and McNeill, 2009). These institutions symbolised thee society’s thoughts and prejudice, suggesting that the degradation of a person may be a way to solve the social conflict. As a result, the British society started to increasingly rely on criminological theories to support mass incarceration of the lower classes, whereby the prison-industrial complexes become a large enterprise for the state. Democracy, Inclusion and Social Policy It is worth noting that mass incarceration in England and Wales led to the economic and social exclusion of people within the prisons. This segregation and incarceration endangered democracy (Sparks and McNeill, 2009). In line with the conflict criminological theory, mass incarceration of offenders who mostly belong to a particular race or class enhanced the structures of oppression and privilege (Van 2007, p. 189). This occurred when mass incarceration gave undue advantage to one group as opposed to another. Today, both in the United States and the United Kingdom, it is evident that people of colour or lower classes are disproportionally overrepresented within the prison-industrial complex. While the mass prison complex created privilege to higher classes, it created a situation whereby the victims were stigmatized, criminalized, and did not enjoy the privileges of democracy and inclusion. The economic and social drivers of mass incarceration are explained by Downes (2006), who co nfirms that there is an inverse relationship between a state’s spending on welfare and imprisonment rates. Mass incarceration also hindered democracy by preventing means through which people could share ideas or communication (Young 2000, p. 208). An incarcerated person experienced political disempowerment and a lack of influence, power, while he became extremely dependent on the prison complex (Travis 2002, p. 19). Despite several attempts of inclusion, provision for rehabilitation, training, and work opportunities, current social policies have not been successful in reinstating the equal representation of lower classes, and the mass incarceration continues. (Reiman 2004, p. 5). Conclusion The above review of publications and research studies, it is evident that the conflict theory accurately explains the emergence of mass incarceration during the reign of Thatcher in the United Kingdom, and Reagan in the United States. Historically, the upper class, that was more advantaged socially, economically and politically created laws and policies that increasingly criminalized the less powerful, creating a policy of segregation. Increased incarceration within the prison-industrial complex removed people who were not wanted. Apart from enhancing exclusion and stifling democracy, it helped the powerful class to maintain its influence, wealth and position within the society. Bibliography Akers, R.L., 1979. Theory and ideology in Marxist criminology. Criminology, 16(4), pp.527- Davis, A. (1998). Masked racism: Reflections on the prison industrial complex. Color Lines, 1(2), 11-13. Downes, D., 2001. The Macho Penal Economy Mass Incarceration in the United States-A European Perspective. Punishment Society, 3(1), pp.61-80. Downes, D. (2006). Welfare and punishment – The relationship between welfare spending and imprisonment. Hartnett, S. J. 2011. Challenging the prison-industrial complex: activism, arts, and educational alternatives. Urbana, University of Illinois Press. Newburn, T. 2002. Atlantic crossings: ‘Policy transfer’ and crime control in the USA and Britain. Punishment Society, 4(2), pp. 165-194. Panchamia, N., 2012. Competition in prisons. Institute for Government, http://www. Instituteforgovernment. org. uk/sites/default/files/publications/Prisons, 2. Reiman, J. H. 2004. The rich get richer and the poor get prison: ideology, class, and criminal justice. Boston, Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Sparks, R. and McNeill, F., 2009. Incarceration, social control and human rights. THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY Project on SocialControl and Human Rights Travis, J. 2002. Invisible Punishment: An Instrument of Social Exclusion (From Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, P 15-36, 2002, Marc Mauer and Meda Chesney-Lind, eds.). Van der Linden, H. 2007. Democracy, racism and prisons. Charlottesville, Va, Philosophy Documentation Center. Wacquant, L., 2010. Class, race hyperincarceration in revanchist America. Daedalus, 139(3), pp.74-90. Wacquant, L., 2001. Deadly symbiosis: When ghetto and prison meet and mesh. Punishment Society, 3(1), pp.95-133. Wehr, K. 2015. Beyond the prison industrial complex: crime and incarceration in the 21st century. [Place of publication not identified], Routledge. Young, I. M. 2000. Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 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Incident Management Systems Assisted free essay sample

This concept of modular system Is the key to the success of incident management because not all incidents are the same size. In other words, some incidents are big and required many people to be coordinated and managed. Law enforcement agencies play an Important role in the Incident command system. They are designated to protect areas when Is suspected terrorists or criminal activities, such as investigation, isolation of hot zones, and securing access where other first responders are performing their tasks. For example, the law enforcement agency; FEM. has and des settle and designed the equipment and personnel for different levels of explosives squads, observation aircraft such as airplanes and electric, mobile ground force teams, and special weapons and tactical (SWAT) teams. These different teams are intended to help and assist when is requests between Jurisdictions, ensuring that agencies count with the specific resource needed when a different agency request any help. These different teams are intended to help and assist when is requests between Jurisdictions, ensuring that agencies count with the specific resource needed when a different agency request any help. Incident Management Systems assisted Responders from law enforcement agencies. Law enforcement agencies which include State Police, Highway Patrols, County Sheriffs, Municipal Police and other agencies which pose officers sworn to enforce saws are those first responders that In one way or another are present on the scene when a terrorist Incident occurs. Some of these officials first responders tasks include: ;Securing the incident area or scene ;Providing emergency medical aid until help arrives ;Safeguarding personal property ;Conducting investigations ;Serving as incident commander ;Supervising scene clearance ;Assisting disabled motorists ;Directing traffic (Heron 2013).The law enforcement Jurisdiction varies over a wide area from state to state and even within a state. State Police and Highway Patrols perform duties Jurisdiction on State highways, county, and municipal Instead police have Jurisdiction off the State highway system. These two agencies have statewide coverage and many lack of many locations, law enforcement agencies receive assistance from co unty and local agencies, but sometimes overlap Jurisdiction that belong to other agencies. (Heron 2013).Law enforcement agencies are first responders when traffic incident occurs, providing 24 hours 7 days a week emergency response. Many times, at most traffic accidents, law enforcement officers have to act alone and trained to make unilateral command decisions. The nations law enforcement leadership is working trying to redirect efforts toward fighting terrorism; the Department of Justice had to design a program that assist local law enforcement to responding terrorist attack and threats. The name was COPS, which was put in service right after the attacks in September, 2001.COPS helped local law enforcement to accomplish their tasks and response to terrorism by improving data and intelligence collection and processing, drawing advantages on genealogy, contributing to the progress communication with other public safety agencies, and encouraging helping local agencies to respond to citizen fear and prepare to assist potential victims. (Heron 2013). The best successful response to terrorism implies an array of activities, many of which are dependent on intelligence gathering activities and productive partnerships with local law enforcement, CIA, and FBI among others.In the meantime each local community force remains distinct, and federal participation increases the level of coordination in activities. Chapman 2002). Local law enforcement have at their disposition a large number of tools for controlling data and intelligence such as in-field laptop computers, computer aided dispatch systems, records management systems, and geographical information systems. In contrast to 911, the number set aside purely for emergencies, 311 is for non-emergency calls to police, and for answering citizens questions. Chapman 2002). Another example of an integrated information management system used by the local level is the crime analysis workstation developed in COPS grant. Also they use the rime mapping software; this instrument can be used for traditional crime situation analysis adapted for emergency terrorist event. Under such conditions, peace officers might consult it to locate critical facilities such as fire stations and hospitals, or to provide emergency manipulation maps to all officers on patrol. Chapman 2002). Crime mapping and information management could be used to protect against terrorism situations, usually by combining law enforcement data (arrests, citations, and accidents) with non law enforcement data such as credit records and finances, ensues information, taxes, license registrations of any kind, and so on. Also included among varieties of non-law enforcement information is geographic data such as floor system, zoning, parcel or real states information. (Chapman 2002).By using such information and materials, authorities could, obtain information on companies such as plant or farm supply stores that can be utilized as potential reservoir for ammonium nitrate fertilizer, an ingredient used in many explosive devices. In case of thievery were to occur at one of these factories or facilities, this away enforcement information could be combined with the non-law enforcement information obtained earlier to track the possible use of explosive material for terrorist purpos es.On the other hand, if officials investigations track an important increase in sales of any medication at pharmacies or drug stores, this could indicate and lead that a biological attack had taken place. (Campbell, Floury 2001). The whole system of incident response in the United States has been reconfigured and retarded since September 1 1, 2001 attacks. Today, first responders, law enforcement, refreshers, medical emergency personnel, and others, are able to work together, as will agencies at all level such as at the federal, state, and local.This integration of resources will increase cooperation gathering agencies whose role in upholding public security is not recognized by the entire country. Some of these agencies are the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which, along with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEM.) and the Coast Guard, are associated with and in situations involving chemical, biological, and/or nuclear shards. (Campbell, Floury 2001). References: Campbell, K. Floury, M. (2001). To Prevail: An American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism. Washington, D. C. : ISIS Press. Chapman, R. (2002). COPS Innovations: A Closer Look: Local Law Enforcement Responds to Terrorism: Lessons in Prevention and Preparedness. Washington, D. C. :U. S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Heron, S. (2013). The National Incident Management System. Kentucky Department of Criminal Justice Training, Richmond: Kentucky.

Students and Work

Previous Research Foley, S. Hang-Yue, N., 2005. The effects of work stressors, perceived organisational support, and gender on work-family conflict in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Management: Bangkok.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Students and Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"This survey demonstrates the immediate and moderate outcomes of perceived organisational support and gender on the interdependence between work stressors and family conflict for a sample population of Hong Kong Chinese workers† (237). The survey discovered that perceived organisational support is inversely proportional to both family-to-work conflict (FWC) and work to family conflict (WFC), and that work stressors are directly proportional to FWC and WFC. Furthermore, the direct correlation between role overload and WFC was observed to be lesser when perceived organisational support was high, showing that the perceived organisational support can off-set the negative effects of the role over load. Moreau, M. P. Leathwood C., 2010. Balancing paid work and studies: working (-class) students in higher education. Queensland University of Technology: Brisbane. This article studies undergraduate students in a post-1992 university timeline to discover undergraduate students’ accounts of working and the same time studying during session-time and the ways they use to cover up time consumed in work. It is suggested that most of the students doing part-time jobs is because students are expected to cater for their school bills since the state is not responsible. Gayle, V. Lowe J., 2010. Exploring the work/life/study balance: the experience of higher education students in a Scottish further education college. Queenland University of Technology: Brisbane. This article focuses on the angles of work/life/study balance and its impact on student performance in the curricular studies. The surve y was conducted on a case study of higher education students, studying on full and part-time basis, in a Scottish higher learning institution. The study suggested that more than half of the students were able to manage a study/work/life balance, although the other half was stressed due to conflicting priority.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Objectives and Background The main objective of the research is to examine work and study conflict issues on whether it affects students’ burnout and participation in university life. Nowadays, the cost of education has escalated to an extent that students are compelled to combine work and studies at the same time. Curtis and Williams (2002) quotes that â€Å".. this is the routinisation of students combining paid work and study, suggesting that this is now the norm in the United Kingdom.† Other surveys show that te rm- time work can provide positive social and educational benefits to the students (Watts and Pickering, 2000). Vickers et al (2003) observes that, for college students who work for 20-30 hours every week, the odds of dropping out of school are almost 150% more than for students who do not engage in paid work during term-time. For others who work for more than 31 hours every week, the number was between 200 and 205 %. This research objectives include: to observe the extent to which students of property and construction are devastated from burnout; to establish a model of the work-study connection, describing the relationship between time commitment to paid work and studies, work-study satisfaction and burnout; and to ascertain the model of study-work relationship in a sample of undergraduate students engaged in an undergraduate property and construction programme. The conflict between one’s work responsibility and other life responsibilities is a vital factor of the correlati on between work and non-working life. According a research conducted by Cotton et al 2002, it shows that there is a inter role conflict is a stressor that is usually perceived with negative effects for a person’s satisfaction and well-being. University students experience a problem in trying to juggle work and study and as a result are vulnerable to stress. The exploratory survey shows that on average all students who engage in term-time paid work spend long hours in work than in the university. The negative relationship between time commitment in the two variables shows that students commit time at work at the expense of the time committed in university life. From the students interviewed, majority said that they had difficulties in combining both. Also some of the students are expelled or suspended out of university and thus reduce their time spend in university. Working undergraduate students are emotionally exhausted and contemptuous of their studies and hove low levels o f efficacy. This is a main point because burnout is usually connected to health problems and turnover. Student’s experience at work-study interface is ever unbalanced with students showing more resilience for the time demands of paid-work than students of university level. In addition, these results demonstrates that the current irregularity between students’ participation and contentment in the campus life and paid work could be adapted by programmes meant to clarify the interface between perceptions and practice and make sure that students’ experience of paid work enhances their learning.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Students and Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research question should highlight the theories and previous research surveys that explain the correlations to be investigated. Thus our research question will be: Does the conflict between paid work and study influence the students’ performance and satisfaction with university life? Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses In the first article, by Foley and Hang-Yue, it is suggested that perceived organisational support is inversely proportional to both family-to-work conflict and work-to-family conflict, and that work stressors are directly proportional to family-to-work conflicts and work-to-family conflict. While according to Moreau and Leathwood observes that most of the students doing part-time jobs is because students are expected to cater for their school bills since the state is not responsible. Gayle Lowe (2010) research suggested that more than half of the students were able to manage a study/work/life balance, although the other half had stressed due to conflicting priority. The three articles show different impacts of work to study on different individuals. Whereas some students are compelled to engage in term-time work, some are looking for money for other needs and expe rience. It cannot be concluded that work completely negative impacts study time, since some students are able to balance both and perform well in school and work too. In coming up with theoretical framework, some important elements are to be considered, these include: defining all the relevant variables; discussing the relationship between the variables; determining the relationship of the relations; and discussing why the relationships are hypothesised. The hypothesis is a testable statement that should be based on previous research design. In this case the hypothesis will be stated as: Work and study conflicts impact on the student’s performance and satisfaction of university life. The direction of the relationship between the work-study conflict and students’ performance and satisfaction takes a negative course.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Null hypothesis: Work and study conflicts do no influence the students’ performance and satisfaction of university life. H0:ÃŽ ¼1 = ÃŽ ¼2 Where: H0 = the null hypothesis ÃŽ ¼1 = the mean of students’ population having work and study conflicts ÃŽ ¼2 = the mean of students’ population dissatisfied with university life The true null hypothesis is represented as: H0:ÃŽ ¼1 ÃŽ ¼2 Alternative hypothesis: work and study conflicts do influence the students’ performance and satisfaction of university life. H1:ÃŽ ¼1 = ÃŽ ¼2 Where: H1 = the alternative hypothesis ÃŽ ¼1= the mean of students’ population having work and study conflicts ÃŽ ¼2= the mean of students’ population satisfied with university life and perform well. The true alternative hypothesis is H1:ÃŽ ¼1 ÃŽ ¼2 Population and Sample The population consisted of university going undergraduate students from the university, who were engaged in term-time work. The data was collected from a sample of 500 respondents that was selected randomly from the population. These respondents were interviewed on voluntary basis in the university premises. The target place for the respondents was on social gatherings, libraries, the researcher also got permission from the school admistration to conduct the research during class hours, especially to part time students. The respondents can also be reached at their various places of work, by communicating to the certain organisation’s Human Resource to be allowed to interview the respondents at their convenience. Also the internet users can provide useful information, through social networking sites like MySpace, the questionnaires were posted to various people and forwards to friends. The research used simple random probability sampling. The reasons for using this method were: it was easier to apply and explain the results than other probability sampling techniques; and unlike non-probability techniques, it gives a reasonable genera lisation of the population and unbiased estimates of the population. However, this method can be prone to sampling error as a result of the randomness of the picked sample can lead to a sample which is not reflective of the whole population in general. Data Collection The independent variables are those that potentially result to changes in the values of another variable, that is, DV. The value of the independent variable is independent of other variables, although the researcher can manipulate the values. Dependent variables are those variables that were anticipated to observe change. The values of the dependent variables are dependent on other variables. Thus, by the definition, the values of the dependent variable is dependent on the independent variables, thus the researcher can manipulate the DV values by controlling the IV according to his or her expected results. However, the researcher cannot manipulate the DV values directly, but only through the IV. Data was collected thro ugh both structured and also unstructured interviews. The interviewer administered questionnaires. â€Å"The formula to be used in measuring the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable will depend on the number of variables involved, measurement limits applied, and nature of the relations† (Vickers 2003). The variables will be measured by evaluating the observed relation by comparing it to the â€Å"maximum expected relation† between the particular variables. The observed relations are evaluated by differentiating the values of the variables, and ascertain the extent of the overall observed differentiation is attributed to cases when that differentiation is found in both the variables under consideration. Reference List Curtis, S. Williams, J., 2002. The reluctant workforce: undergraduates’ part-time employment. Education and Training: New York. Cotton, S. J., Dollard, M. F. Jonge, J., 2002. Stress and student job design: Satis faction, well-being and performance in university students. International Journal of Stress Management: Boston. Gayle, V. Lowe J., 2010. Exploring the work/life/study balance: the experience of higher education students in a Scottish further education college. Queenland University of Technology: Brisbane. Foley, S. Hang-Yue, N., 2005. The effects of work stressors, perceived organisational support, and gender on work-family conflict in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Management: Bangkok. Moreau, M. P. Leathwood C., 2010. Balancing paid work and studies: working (-class) students in higher education. Queensland University of Technology: Brisbane. Watts, C. Pickering A., 2000. Pay as you learn: student employment and academic progress. Education and Training: New York. Vickers, N., Lamb, S. Hinkley, J., 2003. Student workers in high school and beyond: the effects of part-time employment on participation in education, training and work. Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth Research Report: Melbourne. This research paper on Students and Work was written and submitted by user Elliot Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Tommy Girl Cologne Marketing Campaign

Tommy Hilfiger has revolutionized the fashion world from his men’s and women’s sportswear and denim wear to his athletic wear to his children’s wear to his accessories. It was no surprise to the fashion industry when Tommy introduced his fragrances, belts, bedding, home furnishings, and cosmetics. Through extensive marketing Tommy Hilfiger’s products have flown off the shelves. In this paper I will look at one particular Tommy product: Tommy Girl Cologne the 1.7 fluid ounce bottles. I will explain all the facets of the Tommy Girl marketing campaign. Marketing Oriented: Tommy Hilfiger uses a marketing orientation because the company follows the marketing concept. It aims all of its efforts at satisfy its customers- at a profit. The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation mission statement explains how the company works to achieve customer satisfaction, works together as a total company effort, and has profit as an objective. The mission statement states: â€Å"The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation is dedicated to living the spirit of the American Dream. We believe†¦the spirit of the youth is our greatest inspiration. Resourcefulness is the key to value and excellence in making quality a priority of our lives and our products. By respecting one another we can reach all cultures and communities. By being bold in our vision we continually expand our boundaries. Live the Tommy Spirit,† (www.tommy.com). Industry: Tommy Hilfiger competes in the consumer products manufacturers industry. The consumer products manufacturers are companies that design, manufacture, and/or market apparel, cleaning products, hand and power tools, home furniture, housewares, linens, and consumer electronics and appliances. Furthermore, Tommy Girl Cologne is in the personal care industry. The personal care industry is made up of companies that manufacture and/or market personal care products, including cosmetics, fragrances, and razors. Markets: Tommy Girl C... Free Essays on Tommy Girl Cologne Marketing Campaign Free Essays on Tommy Girl Cologne Marketing Campaign Tommy Hilfiger has revolutionized the fashion world from his men’s and women’s sportswear and denim wear to his athletic wear to his children’s wear to his accessories. It was no surprise to the fashion industry when Tommy introduced his fragrances, belts, bedding, home furnishings, and cosmetics. Through extensive marketing Tommy Hilfiger’s products have flown off the shelves. In this paper I will look at one particular Tommy product: Tommy Girl Cologne the 1.7 fluid ounce bottles. I will explain all the facets of the Tommy Girl marketing campaign. Marketing Oriented: Tommy Hilfiger uses a marketing orientation because the company follows the marketing concept. It aims all of its efforts at satisfy its customers- at a profit. The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation mission statement explains how the company works to achieve customer satisfaction, works together as a total company effort, and has profit as an objective. The mission statement states: â€Å"The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation is dedicated to living the spirit of the American Dream. We believe†¦the spirit of the youth is our greatest inspiration. Resourcefulness is the key to value and excellence in making quality a priority of our lives and our products. By respecting one another we can reach all cultures and communities. By being bold in our vision we continually expand our boundaries. Live the Tommy Spirit,† (www.tommy.com). Industry: Tommy Hilfiger competes in the consumer products manufacturers industry. The consumer products manufacturers are companies that design, manufacture, and/or market apparel, cleaning products, hand and power tools, home furniture, housewares, linens, and consumer electronics and appliances. Furthermore, Tommy Girl Cologne is in the personal care industry. The personal care industry is made up of companies that manufacture and/or market personal care products, including cosmetics, fragrances, and razors. Markets: Tommy Girl C...

State of Israel and the future threats. I argue that the biggest Essay

State of Israel and the future threats. I argue that the biggest threat could be marks of the Israeli state in the future will be an internal threat more than any external enemy - Essay Example Finally conclusions were arrived at based on the findings of the work. This work is based on secondary sources for retrieving relevant information pertaining to the topic. In this regard, reliable sources such as academic books, authentic websites, journals, and government documents were scrutinised. This work proves that Israel has been threatened to a major extent by the internal problems discussed, rather than any external threats. This region comprised of Israel was under British rule from 1917 to 1948, and during this period the Arab religious groups underwent several crucial socio – economic changes. Such change was not uniform across the various religious groups and displayed considerable diversity. The Christian Arabs experienced this change, much more swiftly than the Druze and the Muslims. The fertility rate declined among these groups, with the exception of the Muslim Arabs. 1 From the economic perspective, Israel had been envisaging a number of difficulties. This nation had not achieved a transformation into a competitive market system from a socialist state, as at the end of the 20th century. The military was obliged to address new dangers from inimical Islamic nations, such as Iraq and Iran, which boasted of long range missiles in their arsenal. Furthermore, the military had to address the challenge of becoming a more technical and less manpower intensive force. 2 However, significant change was in the offing for Israel, during the commencement of the 21st century. Internally, the denizens of this nation had been struggling with traditional and contemporary issues. Some of these issues were those of religion and state and their relationship to Jewish identity. Another issue pertained to the endeavours to mitigate religious influence upon personal matters, such as marriage and divorce. 3 The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel was made at Tel Aviv, on 14

Marketing E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing E-Business - Essay Example The e-businesses should adopt a differentiating strategy. They should differentiate the services that they offer and create a whole new experience that they should offer to the end users of their product. As the new technology emerges, the e-businesses need to catch up with the technology and they also need to innovate and focus on their customers. The e-businesses need to keep their core focus as their customers. They need to offer value-added services to the customers that no other portal or B2C business is offering. In providing the consumers with these value added services, the e-businesses should also consider the fact that these value-added services are also agreed upon by the sponsors. The e-businesses need sponsors as well to support them which, again is an important factor to consider for the e-businesses. Thus, in short, what the e-businesses need to focus on is creating their own brands, focusing on the customers needs, providing them with a total new experience not offered by others, providing value added services and also taking along the sponsors agreement. Google's strategy of brokering of media types is a unique strategy that no other competitors of Google have adopted up till yet. This strategy is inline to what Google actually need to define its brand in the way. The strategy will help Google continue with what it actually does and will support the running strategy of Google. Google's strategy that it has adopted is an effective and an efficient one. The actual strategy of Google is targeting its target audience in small market niches. When Google will acquire YouTube then this will result in the ability for Google to cover the market niches and advertise more effectively. Advertising issues relating to Google will probably come to an end and Google will be able to advertise its upcoming value added services to its customers in a more efficient way. This strategy of Google is a 'differentiating strategy' that will help Google differentiate itself from its competitors. Especially in the U.S., this strategy has not been adopted by any of the competitors of Google. The media industry and Google has good ties. This is evident from the Google Ads that we see on every other site and almost all the websites support Google in it's this strategy. Thus, the strategy of brokering of media types is an effective strategy that will help Google differentiate itself from its competitors and Google can achieve a uniqueness competency through this strategy. The strategy also serves as a solution to the media ads and advertising problems of Google and also is inline with Google's current strategy. 3. What must a brick and mortar company do to transform its strategy when it decides to transform into an e-Business Brick & Mortar Company Transforms to E-Business -Strategy Transformation When a brick and mortar company decides to transform into an e-business, the first and foremost thing it needs to do is project its target audience and then change its strategy according to the type its target audien

Social computing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social computing - Assignment Example Ideas of social computing are illustrated from the use of social software that include email, blogs, instant messaging, wikis, social bookmarking, and social network services among others. In deeper sense, social computing involves technologies that allow various computations to be carried out by different groups of individuals in the world where the users produce value to the new applications by contributing content, ratings, links, tags, and other software components. Web 2.0 is the concept that is related closely to social computing and is the framework of the various applications that support the process of social computing. Ozok et al (2011) affirmed that the application of social computing within organizations motivates and empowers the employees and hence creating many benefits for the businesses in the society. This study will first present the benefits of social computing at various sectors including the paradigms of mobile social computing, disadvantages and the challenges of social computing. The paper will then discuss the future prospects of the information management tools of social computing in organizations. Yang et al. (2012) observed that social computing is significant in organizations as it helps in the motivation and empowerment of employees hence resulting in successful businesses. For instance, Windows SharePoint Services (WSS) is type of social computing that provides the employees of organizations a platform to create, manage, share documents and to customize Web services hence enabling the employees to improve their services for the organizations. Social computing is important as it enables the businesses to promote their various brands of products and have a closer relationship with their customers. Chua (2007) stated that the customer relationship management (CRM) of organizations is enhanced by social computing as it gives the businesses a chance to

Disadvantages of IFRS for SMEs

Disadvantages of IFRS for SMEs International Financing Reporting can be referred to as a set of accounting standards developed by the International Accounting Standards Board which is applied when preparing the Financial Statement and Balance Sheet of a company. In providing a global framework, IFRS has its own specific goals of how public companies organize and disclose their financial statements. Definition of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) A small and medium sized enterprise (SME) is managed by self-employed people either in partnership or on their own. It tends to be companies that are independent. The definition of SME is different from one country to another, depending on how many employees that the companies have. According to Saleh (2006), Malaysias SME can be represented based on the turnover, size and activity of the company. SMEs criteria in Malaysia can be divided into three categories which are micro, medium and small enterprises and it has been classified into the contributions of the sectors based on full time employees and annual sales turnover. Based on Mohammad (2012), the definitions of SMEs in Malaysia as in year 2005 are as the table below: Definition of IFRS for SME IFRS for SMEs has been issued by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2009 (Goel, 2010). IFRS for a SME is based on the existing full set of IFRS, but it is customised to match the requirement of reporting and accounting in SMEs. It can also be defined as entities that publish general purpose financial statements for external users. The advantages and disadvantages of IFRS for SMEs There are a number of advantages and disadvantages in adopting IFRS for SMEs. One of the advantages in adopting IFRS for SMEs is enhancing the comparability of financial statements and improving access to international funding. Under IFRS for SMEs it uses different accounting method. As stated by (KPMG, 2010) the different in accounting treatment that IFRS for SMEs have which leads to less comparable than those that applying full IFRS and it can reduce the time as more entities adopt the standard thus the interpretation of the requirement in the standard become standardised. IFRS also can strengthen the SMEs position when negotiate with the credit institutions and when it has a positive effect that have on a credit ratings so this will reduce the cost of borrowing. For instance, the adoption of IFRS leads to an increase in equity ratio and revaluation of fixed assets. This is because IFRS information can help the SMEs in buying and selling goods or services to get new relationship with customers and suppliers in locally or internationally since the financial reporting has been standard by internationally. Besides that, IFRS for SMEs is less complex that has been simplified from the full IFRS. According to (Jayakumar, n.a), IFRS for SMEs has been simplified through the fundamental principles of full IFRS to make the accounting requirement less complex and also reduce the effort to produce the financial statements which International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has removed some number of accounting option that have in full IFRS. In contrast, Accounting Standards Committee of German (2008) supported that the preparation of financial statement in IFRS for SMEs is time, effort and cost intensive that not all requirements and issues in the ED (Exposure Draft) IFRS for SMEs were carefully understood and correctly applied by the participants. This is because German is a tax driven in the financial statement rather than economically relevant values. Furthermore, some people suggest that IFRS for SMEs is not applicable to adopt and it should be rejected. For instance, based on Samujh (2007), New Zealand is not appropriate to adopt IFRS for SMEs because of balancing principles, practicality and politics might be difficult for the country to converge the standards with the global standards. The adoption of IFRS for SMEs will affect the current reporting regulation in New Zealand. Other than that, IFRS for SMEs especially in developing countries is difficult to manage because of some limited resources in that country. As mentioned by Bohusova et. al (2011), SMEs for developing countries is difficult to cope with typical SMEs challenges such as limited human resources and limited financial and the decision to adopt the IFRS is based on their economic growth, existence in the capital market and others. The disadvantage of IFRS for SMEs is it can create a possible confusion in the marketplace. For instance, in adopting IFRS for SMEs there is a relevant regulation that some country must to follow before or after the adopting such as in Germany, they are using tax accounting in their financial statement prepared by German GAAP. However, as stated by Kemp (2009), in Australia there are many issues that should be considered from the lawmakers in measuring the appropriate IFRS for SMEs that create two versions of GAAP which are full IFRS and IFRS for SMEs which make additional training, and transition issues between these two versions. Additionally, the accounting software is not consistent so the users should be educated in the new standard because it keeps changing. The financial statement must be comparable and clearly understandable so that it would be easier for the user to compare the performance. According to Miller (2010), the changes for accounting software and lending agreement will be required such as the changes in the new standard which need the users of financial statements to be educated and some company want to change their accounting firm that the company needs to find a firm that know how to apply of IFRS for SMEs. Overall, IFRS for SMEs is easier for the user to use instead of applying full IFRS. This is because, full IFRS will give a burden for the user as IFRS has become more detail and more countries have started to use IFRS since full IFRS is too complex to use. An arguments and debates in adopting IFRS for SMEs. Based on IASB, there is more than 50 jurisdictions decided in full IFRS must be compulsory by all the entities in the SMEs and when the full IFRS is adequate for all entities, then the IFRS for SMEs will be appropriate. In contrast with Neag,R. et al. (2009) suggested that IFRS for SMEs is not compulsory for all entities. This has been proved by Deloitte (2013) that not all jurisdictions have adopted the full IFRS, the full IFRS is adopting only for the jurisdictions that do not have their own accounting systems. Other than that, as stated by Reilly (2009), IFRS for SMEs has more simplified standard that is appropriate for the bigger unlisted companies to follow and by adopting IFRS for SMEs can save amount of money for those who in unlisted companies that have adopted full IFRS. He also suggest that some argue that unlisted companies that are preparing the financial statement should be applied for IFRS for SMEs and the debate on this issues is the IFRS for SMEs standard needs some cost to adopt but it is too complex for small unlisted entities. As mentioned by Stokdyk (2010), he recommended that IFRS for SMEs was best suitable for the large and medium sized entities reporting under full IFRS. Moreover, some people argued that no one want an option in the IFRS for SMEs. This is because the countries not often to have an option in financial reporting. For instance, in German about 80 per cent German companies do not want to adopt IFRS for SMEs in their present draft form because they encountered difficulties when asked for the financial information for the German manufacturer that exports to the US and would produce information that prepared by German Commercial Code (Canham, 2008). When a countries change the financial reporting standards it will be difficult for the company to use the new standards. There is the other debate about the differential reporting that was an important issue in Australia. According to Faux (2005), in early 1980s, the differential reporting was an importance issue that the country should be considered when the accounting regulators were developing a framework for their financial reporting. The regulators focus on financial reporting that should be provide the general purpose information to the needs of wide-ranging of users who are unable to knowledge the preparation of the financial reports that was tailored to their own needs. As a conclusion, IFRS for SMEs is more appropriate for international demand especially for the developed and emerging economies which a common set of accounting standards in the smaller and medium sized enterprises is easier for the user to use than the full set of IFRS. Why choosing Malaysia in IFRS for SME? SME companies have an important position in the economy, most importantly in developed and developing economies. Malaysia is one of an emerging economy in Asia. Thus, Malaysia want to adopt the IFRS for SMEs in order to improve confidence in the accounts of SMEs, to reduce the cost that is involved in maintaining the standards since IFRS for SMEs is more cost effective to produce, and to improve the comparability for users of accounts of financial statements across different industries. History and regulations of accounting for IFRS and SMEs in Malaysia. In June 2005, the definition of SME across the economic sectors was approved by the National SME Development Council with endorsement from all the Government Ministries and Agencies as well as financial institutions that are involved in SMEs in Malaysia (National SME Development Council, 2005). In 2006, Malaysia was introduced two-tier reporting framework issued by Malaysia Accounting Standards (MASB) for the companies in Malaysia which are MASB had approved Financial Reporting Standard (FRS) for non-private entities and the Private Entity Reporting Standards (PERs) for the private entities with the objective to reduce the burden of private entities in the financial reporting compliance. Other than that, in August 2008, Malaysia had brought the Financial Reporting Standards (FRSs) into full conjunction with IFRS. As stated by (Malaysian Institute of Accountants, n.a), in 1 August 2008 the Financial Reporting Foundation (FRF) and MASB announced a plan to bring full convergence with the IFRS which is the full compliance with IFRS for the financial reporting system in Malaysia by 1 January 2012. Therefore, the plan that made by MASB and FRF create an exposure draft issued by MASB. MASB Exposure Draft 75 IFRS-compliant Financial Reporting Standards that was issued by MASB on 28 June 2011 result in the Malaysian financial reporting framework being standard with IFRS-compliant financial reporting framework. While in 2010, ED 72 FRS for SMEs has been issued by MASB. According to (MIA, n.a), MASB issued MASB ED 72 FRS for SMEs in 26 March 2010 for the SMEs in Malaysia to use by users that required to publish general financial statement purpose for the external users and do not have public accountability. Other than that, the purpose of IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia is to reduce the detailed requirements under the full IFRS for small entities since full IFRS is too complex for small entities to apply. In Malaysia, the IFRS for SMEs was issued ED 72 in March 2010 (MASB, n. a). Thus, ED 72 is identical with the IFRS for SMEs that was issued by IASB. IASB issued the IFRS for SMES in July 2009 (MASB, 2010). Generally, Malaysia is in the process in adopting IFRS for SMEs that is expected to be issued in 2013. The revisions of the IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia will be in 2015 on the any amendments to the IFRS for SMEs. According to IFRS (2013), during the first half of year 2013, Malaysia is expected to be issued FRS for SMEs and it will be effective for annual periods on or after 1 January 2016 of the new framework for the private entities. This means that, MASB is considering replacing the PERS framework in Malaysia to IFRS for SMEs in 2016. The relevance and appropriateness of IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia. As we know that, full IFRS is too complex to apply for small entities. Therefore, to make an appropriate for smaller entities, Malaysia needs IFRS for SMEs to provide self-contained in the set of accounting principles which is based on full IFRS. Malaysia makes a modification in IFRS for SMEs from the full IFRS founded from the needs of users in SMEs financial statements which is based on the topics that are not relevant to the SMEs, hence they will eliminate the topics and remove the choices for accounting treatment to make it simple. Other than that, they are also simplifying the methods for the measurement and recognition for the IFRS for SMEs. However, Malaysia has two frameworks which are PERs and MFRs. The problems occur when comparing these two frameworks according to current documentation and its interpretations. Since IFRS for SMEs is new to the reporting entities, the practices and interpretation of it must be develop from time to time. For example, the entities must considered for cost intensive when they want to change PERs to adopt IFRS for SMEs which they have to pay more to adopt a new standard in the entities. As stated by Yusoff (2009), the Companies Commission will come out in advance with some of the recommendations that have been made by Company Law Reform Committee in Malaysia including the introduction of a threshold before an audit is required. Normally, most countries do not have across the board audit requirements except for Malaysia. In Malaysia, the foreign investors and inactive companies must be audited so the auditors to SMEs would be valuable because this forces them to be independent and could refuse the business advice to fulfil the professional requirements. Other than that, SMEs have to face with tough competition in a liberalized environment and they need to produce quality goods at a competitive price in order to compete in the market. By having the changes to IFRS for SMEs would give SMEs in Malaysia to have more capabilities to face stiff competition in the market by having rational strong external financial reporting to make sure it access to capital is not compromised (Yusoff, 2009). When Malaysias SMEs react quickly of their global competitors, they will encourage the innovation and the regulation would change. Furthermore, the adoption of IFRS for SMEs has been issued by MASB and IFRS for SMEs can provide growing business which they required to apply full Malaysian FRSs. However, in 2011, MASB approved another framework for accounting in IFRS for SMEs. According to Farmer (2011), Malaysia has agreed to have a new accounting framework based on the Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards (MFRS Framework) approved by MASB on 19 November 2011 and it is applicable from 1st January 2012. Hence, Malaysian SMEs can choose either to continue to apply PERS or the new MFRS Framework. Therefore, the IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia is relevant since its accounting framework in IFRS for SMEs is separate from the full IFRS. Based on (MASB, 2010), at the international level, IFRS is separate with the accounting framework in IFRS for SMEs thus it is not affect MASBs IFRS convergence with policy in 2012 since Malaysia have the decision on whether to adopt the standard or not. In contrast with New Zealand, the IFRS for SMEs is uncertainty relevant in their countries because this country must bear the cost for implementing and maintaining in both full IFRS and IFRS for SMEs (Samujh, 2007). The stability of economy and political in Malaysia has created more investors to invest in Malaysia. This has been proved by Bernama (2012), Mustapa Mohamad who is the Minister of International Trade and Industry said that there were four SMEs from Japan that want to invest in agriculture, manufacturing and green energy industry in Malaysia which is some of them have bought land to start the operation in Malaysia. Malaysia also has developed infrastructure similar with other western country which lead for Malaysia to be a host of other services that result in this country to become a good place for the investors because of Malaysias economic and political stability (Malaysian Dutch Business Council, n.a). When Malaysia adopts IFRS for SMEs, the standard will be the same with international. Thus, it will be easier for the investor to invest in the SMEs in Malaysia since the financial reporting has been standardised. In Malaysia, the important contribution of SMEs is in terms of its economic growth, employment and exports. According to Ministry of International Trade and Industry (2013), SMEs contribute to the economy in terms of Gross Domestic Products GDP for 30%, for the total work force is 56.4% and in terms of total exports is 19%. SMEs play an important role in the economy of Malaysia in generating economic growth for the country. Other than that, the SME sector contains 99.2 per cent of all businesses in Malaysia (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 2013). Finally, as a conclusion IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia is appropriate to apply because it is under control by MASB. As stated by Godfrey et. al, (2007), MASB has a fully responsible for the development of the accounting standards in Malaysia. They are also having the power to issue new accounting standards, make any changes to propose the accounting standards when it is necessary to change and others. Other than that, SME Corp was established in Malaysia to monitor and evaluate the application of strategies, policies and the development in the SMEs across all economic sectors (Hashim, 2009 pp.269-295). Besides that, currently Malaysia is an advisory for all SMEs in Malaysia and a central point as the reference information for the users in SMEs. (Total Words Amount: 2994)

Essay --

1.0 Definition of jinn: In Arabic language the word of jinn refer to something that is concealed and keep out of sight. Ibn Aqeel said: â€Å"The jinn are so called because they conceal themselves from people’s sight†, because the jinn can not be seen by human beings with their own eyes. Al-Jawhir said: al-Jaan is the father of the jinn, the plural of which is Jeenaan. It says in al-Qaamoos al-Muheet. Jinn al-Layl means the darkness of the night so called because jinn love to roam at night. Al-Jaan is a plural al-Jinn. (Umar, 2005) It says in Lisannul- Arab: Janana means to cover. Everything that is concealed from you is junna Anka (conceal from you). Jannahu al-Layl means the night covered him. The jinn so called because they are hidden from view. (Nasiruddin, 2005). Jinn are one of the natures of life that cannot be seen by human. The nature is there and just like their lives as human like placement, lifestyle, and there are also spirits of his own government consisting of the king and the people for example such a government in a settlement in the Bermuda triangle. (Isa, 1999). This event proved to, the most famous US Navy losses which have occurred at the area famously known as the Bermuda Triangle are USS Cyclops in March. The ship probably sank in an unexpected storm, and traces of them have never been found. This event indicates that there is another nature that is unknown to the human world of the jinn. In addition, this event can be proved from the Holy Quran that Allah said: â€Å"Verily, he [the Shaytaan] and Qabeeluhu [his soldiers from the jinn or his tribe] see you from where you cannot see them.† (Al-A’raf:27) 1.1 Origin of jinn: Jinn are other kind of creations of Allah. Like angels, the jinn’s appearance also diffe... ...d the rumors that Muslims take the wrong path and treatment to cure these diseases such as asking help from the shaman, wearing amulet and many more treatment that against the syari’ah of Islam. Based on these situations, this research will lead people to get to know about the reality of jinn, their types and the abilities and weakness of jinn. When Muslim peoples know about their reality, peoples will be cautions from take the jinn as their protector instead asking protection from Allah. Allah says: â€Å"Yet, they join the jinns as partners in worship with Allah, though He has created them (the jinns), and they attribute falsely without knowledge sons and daughters to Him. Be He Glorified and Exalted above (all) that they attribute to Him.† (al-An’am:100) So, Muslims have beware from deception of Satan and not treat them as a medium of our relationship with Allah SWT

Chem-Med Company Essay

Problem Statement: Chem-Med Company is positioned strongly in its industry to achieve high growth and earn large profits in the future, but it is in need of financing. To secure this financing, Chem-Med must address concerns of potential financers and investors regarding liquidity, efficiency, cash flow, and the need for funding despite apparent growth. In addition, Chem-Med’s primary competitor, Pharmacia, is out-competing the company and stealing valuable market share and sales volume with lower prices. Analysis: To understand Chem-Med’s problems, we must first look at the company’s liquidity and efficiency through the calculation of various ratios. Common measures of liquidity, activity, and profitability for ChemMed and its competitor Pharmacia can be found in the following table: Chem-Med Pharmacia 2.9 2.8 1.08 5.8 30.15% 7.00% 13.67% 55.00% 29.66% 29.56% 0.8493 1.9 Current Ratio Inventory Turnover Net Profit Margin Debt-to-Assets Return on Equity Total Asset Turnover Chem-Med is competitive with Pharmacia in terms of Current Ratio and Return on Equity. But Chem-Med turns over inventory much slower than Pharmacia, at 1.08 times per year versus Pharmacia’s 5.8 times. Chem-Med also utilizes assets more poorly, generating sales equal to only .8493 times total assets compared to Pharmacia’s 1.9 times. It is interesting to note that Chem-Med has a much higher profit margin than Pharmacia while maintaining virtually the same Return on Equity. To understand this phenomenon, we must deconstruct each firm’s Return on Equity (ROE) using the DuPont Method. ROE Chem-Med Pharmacia We can see that Pharmacia makes up for its lower profit margin with a much higher total asset turnover as well as a better use of debt to achieve a return on equity similar to that of Chem-Med. While ChemMed operates with a much higher profit margin than Pharmacia, its utilization of assets and debt falls far below the standards of its competitor, causing the firm problems. Chem-Med has a three-year plan for the future. This business plan comes complete with financial projections that the bank has used to determine whether or not Chem-Med 2008 2009 2010 is a safe loan risk. The bank has agreed to make a loan to the firm on the condition that it upholds several loan covenants,  Current Ratio (> 2.25) 2.72 2.39 1.98 Debt/Assets (< 30%) 13.51% 14.03% 13.87% expressed in the table at left. The problem statistic (a current ratio of 1.98 in 2010) is highlighted. This figure is below the mandated current ratio of 2.25. Chem-Med must address this projected liquidity problem to secure the necessary financing to implement its business plan. In addition to liquidity and efficiency problems, Chem-Med must address cash flow concerns. A pro-forma cash flow statement for the years 2008-2010 follows: Chem-Med’s cash flow statement provides encouraging data for potential investors. The firm expects to have positive operating cash flows over the $ 167 next three years and therefore requires little outside financing to finance the investing outflows which will sustain the firm’s growth. Chem-Med is very $ (66) profitable Projected Net Income (2008-2010) $ 101 and is 2008 2009 2010 Total effectively converting those profits into operating cash flows. In fact, $ 1,150 $ 1,274 $ 1,943 $ 4,367 the firm’s operating cash inflows exceed the projected profits for the Chem-Med Company Statement of Cash Flows Opening Cash Balance (1/1/08) Operating Cash Flows $ 6,050 Investing Cash Flows $ (6,205) Financing Cash Flows $ 89 Closing Cash Balance (12/31/10)  firm over the three year period. Chem-Med is effectively converting its profits into operating cash inflows and by doing so the firm has almost  enough operating cash to finance its investing outflows. There is only a very slight cash flow problem as investing outflows still outstrip operating inflows, but only by a slim margin. The firm also faces a problem in terms of efficiency in collection of debts. The collection periods for the firm for the years 2007 – 2010 are presented here. 2007 2008 2009 2010 As is evident, the firm’s ability to collect on Collection Period (Days) 53.24 61.15 72 80.87 its debts is actually decreasing in the future. Instead of increasing efficiency, the firm is decreasing in efficiency. Projected Growth In Net Income (2008-2010) 2008 2009 2010 10.8% 52.5% 49.4% Despite liquidity and efficiency problems, Chem-Med has a healthy cash flow and anticipates high growth. The projected year-to-year growth rates in net income for 2008-2010 are displayed in the adjacent table. As can be seen, the firm expects robust growth over the next three years and is therefore an attractive opportunity for investors. It appears, then, that the problems of liquidity and efficiency do exist and should be addressed. Chem-Med has a healthy cash flow and is only slightly deficient in operating cash flow, but because the firm is experiencing such robust growth, it is not entirely surprising that the firm has a high need for investing cash. Recommendations: Chem-Med’s most pressing problems involve its competitor, Pharmacia. Pharmacia is engaging in price wars with Chem-Med, taking a 59% market share to Chem-Med’s 25% share. Chem-Med should lower its prices in response to Pharmacia’s tactics to gain market share. Pharmacia is already operating at a much lower profit margin, so it is unlikely that the firm can cut prices as steeply as Chem-Med. Chem-Med can still maintain a healthy profit margin while gaining valuable market share and sales volume. Increasing sales volume through price cuts will increase the firm’s gross sales while having no affect on total assets. This, in t urn, will improve the company’s total asset turnover and bring it more in-line with Pharmacia’s. Increasing sales volume, however, will not necessarily improve the firm’s inventory turnover rate as both sales and inventory will increase to accommodate the increased volume. To improve upon this, Chem-Med should consider investing in an inventory control system or consider new methods of ordering (such as just-in-time ordering) to improve  its control of inventory. In addition, Chem-Med should take note that its Debt-to-Assets ratio is well below Pharmacia’s. Engaging in more debt financing will increase the firm’s financial leverage and magnify the healthy returns it expects to see in the next three years. This increased debt usage will also magnify the firm’s return-on-equity, making it an even more attractive firm for potential investors. Chem-Med should consider offering discount terms to its customers for prompt payment. Such terms will encourage customers of Chem-Med to pay sooner and therefore reduce Chem-Med’s collection period. This, in term, frees up cash flow for the firm and will increase its overall operating efficiency and can help to alleviate some liquidity problems. Collecting in a timely manner will also decrease the likelihood of default on accounts receivable as the accounts remain outstanding for shorter periods of time. To further alleviate liquidity problems, specifically that posed by the firm’s current ratio in 2010, Chem-Med should consider using more long-term debt. The firm could take out a long-term loan to settle its accounts payable. This would decrease Chem-Med’s current liabilities, which in turn would increase the firm’s current ratio. This would make the firm appear as a lower risk to bankers and investors as its ability to meet its current obligations will have improved. By lowering its prices to increase sales volume and market share, offering discounts to decrease collection periods, and refinancing its short-term debt with long-term debt, Chem-Med Company can improve its marketability to investors, gain a competitive advantage in its industry, and look forward to improved long-term performance as a more efficient and robust firm.

Gaudium et Spes Essays

Gaudium et Spes Essays Gaudium et Spes Essay Gaudium et Spes Essay Gaudium et Spes Introduction The Catholic Church has four apostolic charters introduced by the second Vatican council in Rome. One of the charters is ‘the pastoral constitution on the church in the modern world’. It is better known as Gaudium et Spes. This document was written to provide a general idea of what the Catholic Church taught about humanity and the society. The word Gaudium et Spes in the Latin language means joy and hope. In the same way, the document provides an account on the emotions such as happiness, anguish and apprehension that Christians face in this age. Gaudium et Spes defines and safeguards the function of the church in a materialistic society particularly in relation to injustice, paucity, ecumenism, technological reconstruction and finances. : Discussion The Gaudium et Spes defines culture as everything that has to do with the lives of people, all their values and practices whether good or bad; and the way in which people express themselves through language, institutions and social conditions. The author sees the need for the intervention of the Catholic Church in the area of culture in order to integrate more Christianity into it. He states that there have been so many social and cultural changes that it is as though the human race is experiencing a new age. New patterns of thinking, acting, communicating and leisure have grown that are shaping and changing people’s cultures all over the world. The author believes that the exchanges of culture should lead to the unification and harmony between nations of the world. However, he believes that care should be taken to prevent new cultures from completely erasing old traditions and wisdom and replacing people’s original cultures. In addition, he states that the development and exchanges of culture could lead to increased secularism, thus creating an environment whereby religion is regarded with hostility. He urges Christians to obey their calling, which is to control the earth and develop God’s creation in order to make an impact and be of service in the world. By making the world a better place, Christians encourage the rest of the world to come into the knowledge of the Creator. He also states that the development of science and technology may lead to agnosticism and atheism, but Christians should not let this lead them to despise the advancements, since they are useful. The author also discusses the relationship between the message of salvation and culture. He states that Jesus’ teachings were always appropriate to the cultures of the people he was speaking to. Thus, the Church should also understand people’s cultures in order to spread the Gospel effectively. The Gospel is an effective tool in the purification of people’s inequities and it shows the world the right path, thus the church should integrate with the world’s cultures in order to spread the world. The key terms used include ‘humanity’, which is used as a definition for all of humankind. The Pope constantly uses this term in order to show that the content of the constitution concerns everyone in the world and not specific individuals or races. ‘Culture’ is another key term that the author uses. He uses it to describe patterns of behavior, thinking, beliefs and other works of humanity that are transmitted through people in different par ts of the world over time. Conclusion The author concludes by stating that the development of the individual, the good of the community and humanity should all come before culture. Culture should be allowed to develop unrestrained as long as it respects the rights of all people within the community. Authorities should therefore not determine how culture should develop but should provide structures that facilitate the proper growth of culture in line with truth and respect for all people despite their economic, racial or political backgrounds.

Study Guide for Shakespeares Sonnet 29

Study Guide for Shakespeare's Sonnet 29 Shakespeare’s Sonnet 29 is noted as a favorite with Coleridge. It explores the notion that love can cure all ills and make us feel good about ourselves. It demonstrates the strong feelings that love can inspire in us, both good and bad. Sonnet 29: The Facts Sequence: Sonnet 29 is part of the Fair Youth SonnetsKey Themes: Self-pity, self-hatred, love overcoming feelings of self-deprecation.Style: Sonnet 29 is written in iambic pentameter and follows the traditional sonnet form Sonnet 29: A Translation The poet writes that when his reputation is in trouble and he is failing financially; he sits alone and feels sorry for himself. When no one, including God, will listen to his prayers, he curses his fate and feels hopeless. The poet envies what others have achieved and wishes he could be like them or have what they have: Desiring this man’s heart and that man’s scope However, when in the depths of his despair, if he thinks of his love, his spirits are lifted: Haply I think on thee, and then my state,Like to the lark at break of day arising When he thinks of his love his mood is elevated to the heavens: he feels rich and wouldn’t change places, even with kings: For thy sweet love remembered such wealth bringsThat I scorn to change my state with kings. Sonnet 29: Analysis The poet feels awful and wretched and then thinks about his love and feels better. The sonnet is considered by many to be one of Shakespeare’s greatest. However, the poem has also been scorned for its lack of gloss and its transparency. Don Paterson author of Reading Shakespeare’s Sonnets refers to the sonnet as a duffer or fluff. He derides Shakespeare’s use of weak metaphors: â€Å"Like to the lark at break of day arising/ From sullen earth...† pointing out that the earth is only sullen to Shakespeare, not to the lark, and therefore the metaphor is a poor one. Paterson also points out that the poem does not explain why the poet is so miserable. It is up to the reader to decide whether this is important or not. We can all identify with feelings of self-pity and someone or something bringing us out of this state. As a poem, it holds its own. The poet demonstrates his passion, mainly for his own self-loathing. This may  be the poet internalizing his conflicting feelings towards the fair youth and projecting or crediting any feelings of self-worth and self-confidence onto him, attributing the fair youth with the ability to affect his image of himself.

Concept Paper based on Criminal Justice-related research topic that Essay

Concept Paper based on Criminal Justice-related research topic that you choose - Essay Example This is based on the fact that age differs from state to state. In most states, the lawful age of sexual consent is between the ages of 15- 18 years. In statutory rape, force and consent are not necessary for conviction. The defining factor in statutory rape is the age of the victim. Statutory rape is a crime, and the perpetrators have to go through the legal system of justice. Minors lack the capacity to provide meaningful consent to sex and should be protected against sexual exploitive behaviours by adults (Brody & Acker, 2011). During a criminal trial, a defendant may argue that he was unaware or mistaken about the age of the victim and is not guilty of rape. Most states however view statutory rape as a strict liability offense and have declined to allow defendants to raise the mistake of age defence at trial. Defendants are prosecuted regardless of their mistaken belief about the age of the victim (Carlan, Nored & Downey, 2011). Statistics shows that the majority of fathers of children born to teenage girls were adults; the United States Congress participated in the 1996 Federal Welfare reform law that urged states to enforce the law to reduce teenage pregnancies. More recent studies however show that majority of sexual offenders to teenage girls are teenage boys or males who are about the same age as the girls with whom they are having sex (Leitenberg & Saltzman, 2000). A study in 1995 revealed that 50% of teenagers in the U.S have had sex by the age of sixteen years which is a serious issue for criminal justice because the age of consent is 16 years. This according to the law is statutory rape despite the numbers of such cases rising in an alarming rate (Oberman, 2000). Leitenberg & Saltzman (2000) in their articles used a survey of a representative sample of participating adolescent girls between the ages of 13-15 years and between 8th- 12th grades. Cocca (2002) used case studies on her research. The concepts used in

Economic impacts of natural disasters on the United States Research Paper

Economic impacts of natural disasters on the United States - Research Paper Example Despite falling victims of such calamities for the last decades, efforts to perplex policy formulators have been evidenced. However, the policy makers are uncertain over what can be done to tackle the menace associated with the occurrence of the natural calamities (Yamamura, 2013). There has also been little guidance offered by academics, and this has greatly affected the bitty approaches employed in tackling the issue from a number of disciplines (Alexander). This paper seeks to analyze the economic impacts of natural disasters in the United States. From contemporary literature, the concept of natural disaster is used to refer to the geophysical events that are characterized by a substantial departure from the normal climatic conditions. For instance, the occurrence of a flood that signifies substantial departures from the mediocre rainfall level within a geographical region forms a typical natural calamity. In some instances, the occurrence of these calamities might be predictable and are known to follow some geographical and seasonal patterns as it happens for typhoons and hurricanes (Fang, 2012). Others show vast irregularity in their occurrence, as it takes the case of floods and earthquakes. It is trivial to distinguish between technological and natural hazards. Most technological hazards occur as a result of the activities of human beings. Other social hazards occur which too should be differentiated from natural calamities. Natural calamities have impacted the economy of the United States either positively or negatively for the many instances of their occurrence. In some cases, occurrence of natural disasters leads to infrastructural improvements and the adoption of better and improved technologies in the event of their occurrence. For instance, in a study discussing the earthquake that took place in Alaska in 1964, which provided for a chance of modernization and upgrade of the

Ernst and Young LLP. The annual reports of AT&T and Verizon Essay

Ernst and Young LLP. The annual reports of AT&T and Verizon - Essay Example Coincidentally, both of the companies under consideration utilize the service of a single auditing firm Ernst and Young LLP. Ernst and Young LLP prides itself in being a "global leader in assurance, tax, transaction, and advisory services (Ernst and Young 2008)" having the overall aim of extending a "positive impact on businesses and markets, as well as on society as a whole" (Ernst and Young 2008). With this commitment for excellence, it currently employs a pool of 130,000 professionals with diverse background and specialties each contributing to the success of the business organization. As an auditing firm, it maintains high standard in its undertaking and promotes overall transparency in financial reporting (Ernst and Young 2008). With the growth of financial fiascos and controversies involving huge corporations like Enron, Ernst and Young upholds its integrity in the market through its dedication to high ethical standards in its operations (Ernst and Young 2008). The annual reports of AT&T and Verizon both comprise four important financial statements each highlighting different aspects which give users of these information a thorough knowledge on their financial standing.

Sam Houston Book Review Essay Example for Free

Sam Houston Book Review Essay Houston and the American Southwest were written by Randolph B. Campbell. Currently Professor Campbell teaches at University of North Texas in Denton. He has written many other books including Gone to Texas The history of the Lone star state. This is one of my favorite books; Sam Houston had a very interesting life. As a child he was relentless and rebellious. He had little formal education, but loved to read. He eventually tired of Tennessee and ran away. He crossed the river and lived among the Cherokee Indians. While living with the Indians Sam Houston learned a valuable lesson that would soon come to use to him later in life, peace first and war second. He lived among the whites and the Indians for a time. When the War of 1812 broke out Sam did not volunteer to join, he instead wanted to study mathematic but in 1813 he decided against a teaching career and joined the 7th US Infantry where he quickly became third Lieutenant. In the battle of reek War he courageously charged toward a well-guarded Creek fortification. He was wounded with arrows twice in the shoulder and once in the thigh, they won the war. Afterwards he petitioned to remain in the army. Andrew Jackson and Sam became good friends he later appointed him as a Federal Agent, and assigned him the task of removing the Cherokees from Tennessee. He resigned from the army in 1818 at age 25. He became an attorney in a mere six months when he returned to Tennessee. He remained friends with Andrew Jackson and even supported his campaign in 1822-1824 and 1823. He was even elected to the House of Representatives. He was even challenged to a dual, he won and the other person was shot but did survive. In 1827 he campaigned for and won governorship of Tennessee. He married Eliza in 1829, a girl 15 years younger than him, and sadly soon after their union she left Sam and after he went into a voluntary exile. In 1829 he officially became a part of the Cherokee nation, and served as a representative in Washington D. C for them. Sadly during this time Sam Houston became an alcoholic and the Indians even named him â€Å"Big Drunk†. He married and Indian wife, Tiana although he was never formally divorced from Eliza. She refused to return to Texas with him so he left her. He later married Margaret Lea in 1840; this was his third and final wife. She was a great influence on him, convincing him to stop drinking all together. He and Margaret had 8 children, one of which was named after his dear friend Andrew Jackson and he became a Senator for Texas. I think it is so neat to see that no matter where life to Sam Houston, he always remained so committed to Texas. No matter what he always made it back to Texas and fought for it! He was a man of many talents and he held the position of Lieutenant, lawyer, teacher war hero, Congressman, and even President of Texas! He also ran for Governor of Texas in 1857, but due to his unpopular views he was defeated. This book is so interesting to me. I think that this book was written for anyone who wants to know more about the history of Texas and Sam Houston. It is also written for college students. It is a great read. He was once quoted saying â€Å"It is a matter of great satisfaction to me to hope that my children will be in circumstances to receive a good education. Mine was defective and I feel the inconvenience, if not the misfortune of not receiving a classical education. Knowledge is the food of genius, and my son, let no opportunity escape you to treasure up knowledge. He knew the importance of good education and it honestly intrigues me of how intelligent he was and well-rounded despite his lack of one. On his tombstone it reads: A Brave Soldier†¦A Fearless Statesman†¦A Great Orator– a Pure Patriot A Faithful Friend†¦A Loyal Citizen†¦A Devoted Husband and Father†¦A Consistent Christian– an Honest Man. After reading this book I would have to agree with that and I wish we had more people like Sam Houston in government today!

Impact of Globalisation on the Nation-State

Impact of Globalisation on the Nation-State Introduction The discussions of globalization have become topics which are in the great demand. Especially with the development of information and technology and the form of global economy, the global affairs have become more and more complicated. It is hard to distinguish the internal affairs and external affairs. People found that the distances between different countries are shorter than before. After the Cold War, a great amount of countries publish their economic policies to develop their economies. Take American 11th September for example, 11th September is an event that New York America attacked by the terrorists. However, the global aviation, finance, technology all has been affected as well as the international business. Even the central banks in mostly countries have taken the action of decreasing the interests to make the effects of 11th September not to be so serious. Those phenomenon show that globalization has growth rapidly, and has deeply influent the development and vicissitude o f the situation of global politics and economy. To observe it deeply, different countries and institutions have different influences. As the matter of fact, it is to some extent a relationship of gain and lost. Whatever the existence of globalization or the debates of scholars on globalization, those all illustrate that globalization is a development of process. However, the importance of globalization has already drawn the attention of countries. This essay will be divided into three sections. Firstly, the definition of globalization will be analysed. Through the compare of different definitions, a clear sense of globalization will come out. After that the process of globalization will be briefly introduced from some aspects, the geography and time period, the global economy and culture and politics. Secondly, nation-state will be discussed. In this section, five aspects will be analysed. This section includes the definition of nation-state, the influence of politics, economy and culture on nation-state. Moreover, the role of media in global condition will be discussed. Thirdly, this essay will discuss if globalization destroyed the nation-state or not. Then finally a conclusion will be made. Globalization What is globalization? Globalization could be argued to be a process, which the flow of substances and spirit products destroy the area and the boundaries of countries, and effect the peoples life around every corner of the earth. The globalization also includes the immigrations. It could be seen from the table, it is not easy to define what globalization is. It is a phenomenon which influenced peoples life. Based on Busch (2009), globalization is a continuing process of intensity not only the economy, but also culture, social life and politics. From the definition above, it could be argued that the definition of globalisation could be analysed into two parts. The first one is the space. As the Buschs and Waters view, globalization means that the boundaries of countries are being decreased. Although this does not mean the compression of geography, it is the economy and culture make the distances between different countries decreased. Secondly, it is something about relationships. Robertson (1995) indicated that the conflict and unity of homogeneity and heterogeneity make globalization. The globalization makes the people from all over the world getting more and more close in culture, economy and politics. The countries are more relied on each other. The process of globalization Basically, the process of globalization could be divided into three moments. The first one is in geography filed. The first emergence of globalization could be dated back to 1492 A.D. according to Butzer (1992), the European encounter discover the American continent. Then after a period of time, Britain colonized India, the world has changed from a large scale to small size. The second moment, Holton (1998) indicated that from 1960s the advent of globalization has more developed. The words globalization and global village are newly added into the dictionary. Take American foe example, in the post-1945 ear, American constructed a hegemonic order (Ikenberry, 2007). To some extent it could not be denied that the hegemonic order of America pushed the economic globalization within the global condition. The third moment is after the history steps into the 21st century more opportunities are produced to people, so that the people flow cross the countries to seek more comfortable life. Howev er, this might be harmful to some of the countries. For instance, the U.S. was the most opened country in the world before 10th September 2001. On 11th September 2001, the U.S. has been attacked by terrorists. After that Americas border was quite closed (Alden, 2008). The widely discussions of globalization is the global economy. Based on Wills, Samli and Jacobs (1997), the world economy is trending globally. And there are three major economy regions in the world, the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Pacific Rim (Bennett, 1995). The economic groups indicated that the economy in each country has more closed. Culture and politics globalization are also notable. Take American culture for example, because of the development of technology, the communication within the world is getting easier and easier. Movies which are made by Hollywood are very famous among the countries. Now Hollywood movies are trying to absorb the actors from different countries to gain more global audience (Robertson, 1995). However, politics are more closed with economy. The hegemonic order which constructed by America, the policies which published, most of them are aims to support the development of economy. Nation-state What is nation-state? According to Grossberg (2006), nation-state could be argued to provide some securities for people, such as economic, social and physical. Grossbegy (2006) went further that nation-state also means that the sovereign is under control of its own leadership or people, but not under control of some other external aspects. It could be identified that nation-state is a political community. Within the nation-state, the country has the power to set up its own laws to make sure its territorial autonomy is integrated and political sovereignty is not encroach by some other countries else. The social cohesion within a nation-state has its unique society. Moreover, the people in a nation-state share the same culture, religion language and so on. The influence of politics on nation-state. Politics has great influences on nation-state. Politics is an activity and relations. Politics could be seen as the treatment of the relationship between people. Vitally, politics could influent the nation-state economy. Without a steady, health condition of political atmosphere, the economy will not be developed. Take Japan for example; in the years of Meiji era, the government gave the great support for the economy. Therefore, Japan became richer and richer. At that time, the government encouraged people to develop the economy; the policies the government made were more concentrate on economy. Many companies have grown fast. As Ikenberry (2007) indicated after the World War ?, the leaders of America made many efforts to rebuild the trade, investment and currency. Although those politicise helped America to construct is hegemonic order; it could not be denied that those policies made the American economy quickly recovered. Moreover, the governors should fully understand the economy. If the government misunderstand the economy, the politics they made will destroy the economy. For example, if a country import a foreign product at a very low price, even lower than the internal price, many people in the same filed within the nation-state will lost their job. The influence of economy on nation-state. The economy influenced the nation-state as well. As the matter of fact that the nation-state economy influent the politics and culture within the nation-state. As Grossberg (2007) indicated that the nation-state has more concentrate on the sovereign and territorial autonomy. However, the economy is the basic construction which could decide if people within the nation-state have a better life or not. Altschull (1997) argued that there are four basic patterns which influence media ownership; one of the four patterns is commercial aspect. From here, it could be seen economy has influenced each part in the nation-state. Economy also influences the national culture. There was an old saying in Chinese culture only you have enough food, you could have time to pay attention on your behaviours. People have enough food; they could do their jobs well or not resist the government. If a scientist is hungry and no food to eat, he would probably not continue doing his research. If a litterateur doe s not have enough food to eat, he has to do some physical work, such as cultivation. He would probably not write those literatures. Without the development of economy, the society members have to cultivate themselves, the society, even the nation-state could not be developed. The influence of culture on nation-state. Culture could be argued as the spirit of the nation-state. People in the same nation-state share the same history, religion, language and so on. It is said that, for a person, his fortune is decided by his personality. The culture could be compared with the personality of a country. Thus, culture could by the actions and response when a country faced some problems. Culture could affect peoples lifestyle (Evans, Jamal, and Foxall, 2009). Take Japan for example; according to Lebra (1974), the spirit of Japanese culture is to respect the person who is perfectly capable. They do not have any sympathizes for the wreakers. Therefore, if one wants to get some respect from other Japanese, the first thing to do is to become stronger. It could not be denied that become strong so as to gain identify of the world. Apart from the correct or incorrect of this spirit in the ethic field of Japan, only concentrate on the development of the nation-state is beneficial to Japanese society. Under this cu lture, Japan could become more and stronger. Culture could be inherited. Therefore; culture would influence the idea of a nation. A perfect culture passed on generation by generation, the later government will become strong and well developed. The role of media in the erosion of nation-state. Media actually helped globalization to shock the national culture, however the globalization of media make the distances of countries shorter and shorter. Firstly, the globalization of media threatens the national culture. As Doyle (2002) indicated that the trends of international media id expansion and the press are controlled by large companies. Sreberny (2000) argued that after American hegemonic order, American values are now stepping into to the hearts and minds of the Third World countries. Take Hollywood movies for example; as it mentioned in previous sections, Hollywood movies have now employed more people with different nationalities to act and produces the movies so as to attract more audiences for outside the U.S. However, the American do not full understand other countries cultures, there always have some misunderstandings in the movies to make other countries people feel uncomfortable. Moreover, with the development of technology, televisions are widely spread. Satellite television could receive hundreds of channels. Young people could learn another culture from the television; but for their own culture, it might be fade. However, the globalization of media makes the distances of countries shorter and shorter. As mentioned above, the development of technology, more families have television. Through television programs, people could learn more things. Especially after the invention of computer and internet, all the information from each country could be checked from them. This made peoples life more comfortable. Has globalization destroyed nation-state? Globalization has not destroyed nation-state. Globalization brings numerous benefits to the world. Some people believed that globalization helped poor people from developing countries out of the poor conditions. Because globalization helped the developing countries opened their markets. Ikenberry (2007) pointed out that after the World War ?, American leaders have promoted to recovered the economy by publishing a series of policies to set up an open system of business, investment and currency. The price of labour in developing countries is much cheaper than developed countries. Therefore, many multinationals have been set up, and provided more job opportunities to the local people. Take China for example, the expending of employment in multinationals have helped many poor Chinese out of poverty. According to Bardhams (2006) research people who live in the rural areas whose daily living cost under $1 per day were decreased from 79% to 27% in China from 1981 to 2001. China is a socialism country, but introduced capitalist business methods in 1987 (Bennett, 1995), and opened its markets to other countries to developed its economy. The capitalist business methods have made great achievements to China. There is another good example from Bangladesh; Barfham (2006) did an interview of a woman call Rahana Chandhuri who works in garment export factories. She said there are many women work in the garment export factories. Although the job is not fair, compare with other people, she still earns much money. A research shows that 86% of women work in the garment industry and their average monthly income are more than their neighbourhoods (Bardham, 2006). Globalization weakens the barriers of geography, but closes the link between different countries. Slagnt, Harben and Pallant (2006) argued that all the countries could share the materials all over the world. People in different countries could buy whatever they want in the local supermarkets and the materials for industry used also could be import and export easily. Fr o example, Chinese students who studies could buy Chinese cooking ingredients in Tesco, and in U.K.s stores, it is not hard to find any products which said made in China. In addition, the development of transportation makes the distance of different countries shorter and shorter. For instance, in the past it might take years to travel from China to Britain. However, now from Beijing to London, it only takes less than 10hours by direct flight. Globalization of economy bring many benefits to the countries within the world, so as the culture. Still take Hollywood movies for example,, many people with different nationalities work together to produce movies suitable for the audience from all over the world. Globalization has destroyed nation-state. Globalization also brings many disadvantages to the nation-state. Firstly, for example, after the multinationals enter the developing countries, it could not be denied that human is greedy, in order to make more money, the owners of export and import factories even hired children work for them. Based on Bardhams (2006) research, in Bangladesh, the garment export factories used to hire children to work for them; because children is much cheaper than adult labours. If the owners of those factories employed children work for them they will gain more profits. In 1993, the U.S. has banned on importing products using children labour, the garment dismissed about 50000 children. However, only few of them went back to school, most of them went to stone breaking or even child prostitution. Secondly, the economy of developing countries was helped by large international organisations such as economic groups. Those developing countries need to change something in order to fit those economic group s. It could be easily lost the autonomy of those countries. China enter WTO in 1999, nine hundred laws would need to be changed to adapt the world economy (Nolan, 2001). This might be the biggest challenge to Chinese retailers, for they have using the original laws for a long time, the changing of laws might make some of the small retailers go bankrupt. Moreover, changing laws could make China loose the autonomy in charting the complex path of economy reform. Thirdly, the globalization of culture destroyed local culture. Islam culture is a unique culture, and different from western culture. Turner (2007) argued that the development of global mass communication has influenced the Islam world. It is an extension of westernization, and will weaken the local culture. With the American hegemonic order, the Americanization has appeared many places all over the world. For example, many Chinese students or even adults are huge fans of NBA, a basketball association in America. Those fans eve n look down upon their own countries basketball association. Another example, McDonalds are in every part of China. Children like this American fast food than Chinese dishes. Fourthly, English is using wildly; people could travel to any other countries whose native language are not English; however, English is still workable there, the same as Chinese. Since the English and Chinese are widely use all over the world, some language whose native speakers are really few will be endangered. When a language disappeared, the culture will soon disappeared, and could only be finding in the books. Conclusions This essay is aiming to discuss if globalization has destroyed nation-state or not. This essay was divided into three parts. The first part focuses on globalization. There were many definitions of globalization; they are defined from different aspects. From compare different definitions of globalization given by scholars, then an idea of definition of globalization is being cleared. Globalization is not only a pheromone within the world of politics, economy and culture, but also a process. The earliest emergence of globalization could be dated back to the year of 1492. In recent times the construction of hegemonic order of America pushes the speed of the globalization. The second part was concentrated on nation-state. Globalization is a kind of process; the nation-state is more focus on the political sovereignty and territorial autonomy, social cohesion and culture. Politics, economy and culture all have the influence on nation-state. Media has two sides; it has erosion on nation-sta te, but also makes the distance of countries shorter. The third part discussed if globalization destroyed nation-state or not. Globalization is a sword with two sides. For one aspect, the globalization made the developing countries out of poverty. People in those countries lived in a more comfortable life. Globalization also weakens the barriers of different countries, and makes the links of different countries. The distances of different countries are getting closer. However, globalization made some destroys of nation-state. For example, in some developing countries the factories owners hired children. Some developing countries have to change their laws to enter the economy groups to make more profit, so that those countries will probably loose their autonomy. The widely spread of American culture and English language will make some local culture and language endangered. As mentioned above, globalization is a sword with two sides, if the nation-state makes the proper polities and p rotections of culture, the benefits of globalization will make the countries become stronger. References Alden, E. 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